Term
| what part of the brain controls appetite and food intake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone is produced by white adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
| leptin (decrease food intake) |
|
|
Term
| What 4 peptide signaling molecules are produced by adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
TNF-a and resistin (bad)
Adiponectin (good)
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (bad)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (good) |
|
|
Term
| what gene produces leptin? |
|
Definition
Ob gene
lack of Ob gene causes obesity and diabettes |
|
|
Term
| what is the affect of Leptin on NPY and a-MSH secretion? |
|
Definition
Inhibits NPY
Increaess a-MSH |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of NPY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a-MSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the metabolic affects of leptin? |
|
Definition
Increase lipolysis
Decrease TG storage
Increase sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what hormone stimulates leptin secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what neurons are affected by leptin? |
|
Definition
Inhibits NPY/AgRP (decrease NPY)
Activates POMC/CART neruon (increase a-MSH) |
|
|
Term
| What hormones inhibit appetitie? |
|
Definition
Leptin
Insulin
a-MSH
CART
Serotonin
CRH |
|
|
Term
| how does puperty affect leptin concentration? |
|
Definition
| leptin increased during puberty |
|
|
Term
| during pregnancy, what is the major source of leptin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relative leptin resistance causes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some causes of hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
Eating pure carbohydrate meal
excercise
diabetic patients skipping meal
Insulinoma |
|
|
Term
| what are some consequences of no insulin? |
|
Definition
Hyperglycemia
Acidosis
Volume depletion
Catecholamine increase |
|
|
Term
| what are the affects of insulin resistance in type II DM? |
|
Definition
Increased circulating VLDL and TG
Increased CHOLESTEROL
Increased FFA
Increased catabolism of HDL |
|
|
Term
| where is testosterone produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do pancreatic a-cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do pancreatic b-cells produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do pancreatic f-cells produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what decreases insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
Fasting
Somatostatin
Leptin
a-adrenergic activity
exercise |
|
|
Term
| what causes a greater insulin responce: insulin given orally or intravenously? |
|
Definition
Orally
GLP-1 and GIP petentiate glucose stimulated insulin secretion |
|
|
Term
| insulin circulates bound to what carrier protein? |
|
Definition
No carrier protein
Binds to membrane receptors => conformational change => internalization of membrane receptor (tyrosine kinase) |
|
|
Term
| what glucose transporter is glucose dependant? |
|
Definition
| GLUT-4 (muscle and adipose) |
|
|
Term
| what are the target tissues of insulin? |
|
Definition
| Liver, muscle and adipose |
|
|
Term
| what is the affect of insulin on muscle? |
|
Definition
Increase glucose transport into cell (GLUT-4)
increase glucose storage (glycogen formation)
Increase amino acid uptake (increased protein synthesis) |
|
|
Term
| what is the affect of insulin on adipose? |
|
Definition
Increase fat storage
Decrease lipolysis |
|
|
Term
| what is the affect of insulin on the liver? |
|
Definition
increase glucose uptake
increase glycogen production
increased cholesterol and TG |
|
|
Term
| what are the overall effects of insuline on plasma substrates? |
|
Definition
Decreases...
glucose
free fatty acids
amino acids
ketoacids |
|
|
Term
| what inhibits glucagon secretion? |
|
Definition
Increased glucose
Somatostatin
Insulin |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between glucagon output and glucose concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the major site of glucagon action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the overall effects of glucagon on substrate flow in plasma? |
|
Definition
Increases
Glucose
Ketoacids
Free fatty acids
Decreases
Amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what hormone favors glycolysis? |
|
Definition
Insulin
(causes dephosphorylation of kinase, formation of pyruvate) |
|
|
Term
| what hormone favors gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
Glucagon
(phosphorylates kinase, forms glucose) |
|
|
Term
| what inhibits somatostatin? |
|
Definition
Insulin
a-adrenergic activity
Neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| glucagon stimulates secretion of what hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dominant effect of postprandial period? |
|
Definition
Insulin secretion increases
• Dietary carbohydrates and lipids are
transferred to storage depots in liver,
adipose tissue, and muscle
• Amino acids are converted to
proteins in various tissues
• Extrahepatic tissues use dietary
glucose and fat to meet their needs
instead of glucose derived from
hepatic glycogen or fatty acids
mobilized from adipose tissue
• Hepatic glycogen increases
• Fatty acids mobilization is inhibited |
|
|
Term
| what hormones increases with fasting? |
|
Definition
| Glucagon, catecholamines, and GH |
|
|
Term
| at 3 days of fasting what happens? |
|
Definition
FFA mobilization increases
Ketogenesis becomes significant |
|
|
Term
| what happens with 24 hr fasting? |
|
Definition
Glucose metabolism in muscle/adipose inhibited
FFA mobilization accelerated
Muscle proteins break down providing amino acids for gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what tissues take up glucose independant of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells produce growth hormone? |
|
Definition
| acidophilic cells of anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| when is the most growth hormone? |
|
Definition
| During deep sleep (pulsatile fashion) |
|
|
Term
| what are the anabolic affects of GH? |
|
Definition
increase AA uptake, protein, and RNA/DNA sysnthesis
decrease amino acid/protein degradation |
|
|
Term
| what are the ketogenic affects of GH |
|
Definition
increase lipolysis
increase fatty acid oxidation => ketones |
|
|
Term
| what are the diabetogenic effects of GH? |
|
Definition
increase plasma glucose
increase insulin secretion |
|
|
Term
| what effect does GH have on bones? |
|
Definition
increase total bone mass and mineral content
widens epiphyseal plates
extending lenght of long bones |
|
|
Term
| which IGF (somatotropin) is GH dependant? |
|
Definition
| IGF-I (synthesized in the liver) |
|
|
Term
| IGF-I can cross react with what other hormones receptor? |
|
Definition
| Insulin (can cause hypoglycemia) |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates GH secretion? |
|
Definition
| sleep, stress, fasting, protein meal |
|
|
Term
| what hormone stimulates GH release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what inhibits GH secretion? |
|
Definition
glucose increase
FFA increase
Somatostatin
IGF
Aging
Obesity
Cortisol
exogenous growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| effect of protein intake on GH substrate flow? |
|
Definition
increase GH, IGF, Insulin
Increase Protein synthesis, growth
No change on calorie storage |
|
|
Term
| effect of carbohydrate intake on GH substrate flow? |
|
Definition
Decrease GH
No change of IGF
Increase insulin
No change on protein synthesis, growth
Increase caloric storage |
|
|
Term
| effect of fasting on GH substrate flow? |
|
Definition
Increase GH
Decrease IGF
Decrease Insulin
Decrease protein synthesis and growth
Increase calorie mobilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excess GH secretion after puberty
increased periosteal bone growth, increased organ size, glucose intolerance |
|
|
Term
| posterior pituitary orginates from what tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are hypothalamic hormones secreted to before being absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of a hypophysectomy (removal of pituitary) |
|
Definition
atrophy of thyroid and adrenals
retardation of metabolic process
Lack of strengh
Cachexia (general ill health and malnut.)
Atrophy of gonads and accessory reproductive structures |
|
|
Term
| what is the precursor hormone for ACTH and MSH in ant. pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the actions of prolactin?
What inhibits its secretion? |
|
Definition
Stimulates milk production, breast development, inhbits GnRH (prolactinoma decreased sexual function)
inhibited by dopamine (PIF) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone is released from suproptic nuclei? |
|
Definition
ADH
(binds neurophysin II) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone is released from suproptic nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is released from paraventricular nuclei? |
|
Definition
oxytocin
(binds neurophysin I) |
|
|
Term
| what are the actions of oxytocin? |
|
Definition
induce labor contraction
reduces postpartum bleeding
stimulates milk let down |
|
|
Term
| what are the affects of SIADH? |
|
Definition
increased ADH
water retention
hyponatremia |
|
|
Term
| explain central diabetes insipitus |
|
Definition
Cause: failure of ADH secretion
Diagnosis: low ADH, Desmopressin inejection increases urine osmalality by >50% |
|
|
Term
| explain nephrogenic diabetes inspitus |
|
Definition
kidneys are resistant to effects of ADH
Diagnosis: low ADH, desmopressin injection increases urine osmalaltiy by <50% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased Ca2+ reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| what are used as markers of osteoblast activity? |
|
Definition
| alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin |
|
|
Term
| osteoclasts are inhibited by what hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cheif cells of the parathyroid |
|
|
Term
| Where is calcintonin produced? |
|
Definition
| Parafollicular cells of thyroid |
|
|
Term
| how does OPG inhibit bone resorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of loss of estrogen on bone? |
|
Definition
| loss of OPG leads to increased bone resoprtion (same effect as cortisol) |
|
|
Term
| what hormones have a steriod (nuclear) receptor? |
|
Definition
"PET CAT"
progesterone
estrogen
testosterone
cortisol
aldosterone
T3/T4 |
|
|
Term
| What hormones have a tyrosine kinase receptor? |
|
Definition
| Growth hormone and Insulin |
|
|
Term
| where is Vit D activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what leads to activation of Vit D? |
|
Definition
| low Ca, Low P, incrased PTH |
|
|
Term
| how does Vit D control PTH? |
|
Definition
| negative feedback loop (also increased Ca inhibits PTH) |
|
|
Term
| what are the overal affects of PTH? |
|
Definition
increase plasma Ca
Decreased plasma P
increase urinary cAMP |
|
|
Term
| what kind of receptors doe osteoblats have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major sites of PTH action? |
|
Definition
| Bone and kidney (indirect effect on intestine) |
|
|
Term
| what are some symptoms of hyperparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
"Stones, Bones and Groans"
Kidney stones
osteoporosis
GI disturbances
muscle weakness
increased urinary Ca, P, and cAMP |
|
|
Term
| what are some symptoms of hypoparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
tetany
decreased serum Ca, increased serum Pi |
|
|
Term
| where is the major target for calcitonin? |
|
Definition
Osteoclasts to inhibit bone resorption
"calciTONin TONes down Ca" |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall effect of Vit D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates calcitonin release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of chronic renal failure on bone? |
|
Definition
decreased Vit D and increased Pi (bc its not excreted)
causes decreased serum Ca
stimulates PTH
Inreases bone reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are produced in the thyroid? |
|
Definition
| T3/T4 and calcitonin (parafollicular cells) |
|
|
Term
| what is the wolff-chaikoff effect? |
|
Definition
low I intake stiumlates the iodide trap and synthesis of T3/T4
High I intake inhibits iodide trap |
|
|
Term
| where is T4 converted to T3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of estrogen on T4 levels? |
|
Definition
| Increases hepatic TBG synthesis leading to decreased free T4 |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme converts T4 to T3? |
|
Definition
| 5-deiodinase in pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what affect does thryoid hormone have on puplse pressure? |
|
Definition
| increase stroke volume + decreased peripheral resistance leads to Increased pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
| what hormone is the best indicator of hormone status? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cell types require insulin to move glucose into cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cell types don't require insulin to move glucose into cells? |
|
Definition
BRICK L
Brain
RBC
Intestine
Cornea
Kidney
Liver |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormones are low in 21-hydroxylase deficiency? |
|
Definition
Aldosterone and cortisol
(increased sex hormones) |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are low in 17a-hydroxylase deficiency? |
|
Definition
Sex hormones and cortisol
(increase aldosterone) |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are low in 11b-hydroxylase deficiency? |
|
Definition
| cortisol, aldosterone and sex steriods |
|
|
