Term
| What is an endocrine gland? |
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Definition
| A gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood, and act as receptors |
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Term
| List 4 functions hormones can control |
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Definition
1. Metab
2. Repro
3. Fluid/electrolyte balance
4. Growth |
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Term
| What are the two actions that hormones can partake in? |
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Definition
1. Producing a response
2. Stimulating an endocrine response |
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Term
| List 3 examples of hormones that produce a response |
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Definition
1. Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction
2. ADH - stimulates water absorption
3. Prl - stimulates lactation |
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Term
| List 3 examples of hormones that stimulate an endocrine response |
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Definition
1. TSH - thyroid hormone
2. LH - stimulates testosterone and progesterone
3. ACTH - stimulates cortisol |
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Term
| What are hormones that cause another endocrine response called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two ways can negative feedback be exerted? |
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Definition
1. By another hormone
2. By a non-hormonal signal |
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Term
| Give two examples of each |
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Definition
By hormone:
- Testosterone inhibits LH
- Thyroxine inhibits TSH
Non-hormonal:
- Calcium inhibiting PTH
- Glucose inhibits glucagon |
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Term
| What is the clinical use of analyzing negative feedback loops? |
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Definition
| Can use feedback response to find pathology |
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Term
| Give two examples of inappropriate feedback? |
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Definition
1. Hyperthyroidism - increase in TSH and T4
2. Hypothyroidism - Decrease in TSH and T4 |
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Term
| List two describing factors of hyper-hormonal disorders? |
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Definition
- Often involves a tumour
- May be ectopic |
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Term
| List three describing factors of hypo-hormonal disorders? |
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Definition
- Autoimmune response
- Destroyed by tumour
- Overworked organ |
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Term
| Name 3 diagnostic tools for hormonal disorders |
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Definition
1. Medical history and a physical
2. Measure hormones
3. Imaging |
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Term
| (T/F) The best treatment choice is the one one that eradicates the problem fastest, regardless of difficulty of treatment |
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Definition
| False, it is the one that has a balance between cause and easy of therapy |
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Term
| What is usually the treatment for a hormone deficiency? |
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Definition
| Direct hormone replacement |
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Term
| (T/F) A direct hormone replacement is most commonly used in a hormone deficiency, even when the problem lies with the precursor to the hormone |
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Definition
| True - easier than having to synthesize from precursor |
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Term
| Name two ways that are used to combat a hormone excess |
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Definition
1. Inhibitory drug therapy
2. Ablation therapy |
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Term
| What occurs during inhibitory drug therapy? |
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Definition
| Enzymes are inhibited, or hormones with opposite effect are used |
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Term
| What occurs during ablation therapy? (3) |
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Definition
- Surgical removal of a lesion, leaving gland intact
- Shrinking andreogen dependent tumours by shutting of gonadal production of steroids
- Radioactive iodine |
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Term
| Describe the results of the boy exhibiting hyperandrogenicity (test results have testosterone and 17-OH-Prog levels exceptionally high) |
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Definition
- LH/Cortisol levels are normal
- Must have a deficiency in an enzyme (partial 21-hydroxylase deficiency) |
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Term
| Why are the cortisol levels normal? |
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Definition
| Increased ACTH drive to get proper levels of cortisol |
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Term
| What is the consequence of this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would you use as a treatment against this? |
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Definition
| GnRH agonist, anti-androgen Ab |
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Term
| What indicates a primary pathology? |
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Definition
| Negative feedback response is normal, but still see hyper/hypo secretion of hormones (ie elevated TSH levels in hypothyroidism) |
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Term
| What indicates a secondary pathology? |
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Definition
| Abnormal feedback response (ie elevated TSH when thyroid hormones are elevated) |
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