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Endocrine Pathologies
Pathology of the endocrine system
25
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
12/11/2013

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Term
What is an endocrine gland?
Definition
A gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood, and act as receptors
Term
List 4 functions hormones can control
Definition
1. Metab
2. Repro
3. Fluid/electrolyte balance
4. Growth
Term
What are the two actions that hormones can partake in?
Definition
1. Producing a response
2. Stimulating an endocrine response
Term
List 3 examples of hormones that produce a response
Definition
1. Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction
2. ADH - stimulates water absorption
3. Prl - stimulates lactation
Term
List 3 examples of hormones that stimulate an endocrine response
Definition
1. TSH - thyroid hormone
2. LH - stimulates testosterone and progesterone
3. ACTH - stimulates cortisol
Term
What are hormones that cause another endocrine response called?
Definition
Trophic hormones
Term
What two ways can negative feedback be exerted?
Definition
1. By another hormone
2. By a non-hormonal signal
Term
Give two examples of each
Definition
By hormone:
- Testosterone inhibits LH
- Thyroxine inhibits TSH

Non-hormonal:
- Calcium inhibiting PTH
- Glucose inhibits glucagon
Term
What is the clinical use of analyzing negative feedback loops?
Definition
Can use feedback response to find pathology
Term
Give two examples of inappropriate feedback?
Definition
1. Hyperthyroidism - increase in TSH and T4
2. Hypothyroidism - Decrease in TSH and T4
Term
List two describing factors of hyper-hormonal disorders?
Definition
- Often involves a tumour
- May be ectopic
Term
List three describing factors of hypo-hormonal disorders?
Definition
- Autoimmune response
- Destroyed by tumour
- Overworked organ
Term
Name 3 diagnostic tools for hormonal disorders
Definition
1. Medical history and a physical
2. Measure hormones
3. Imaging
Term
(T/F) The best treatment choice is the one one that eradicates the problem fastest, regardless of difficulty of treatment
Definition
False, it is the one that has a balance between cause and easy of therapy
Term
What is usually the treatment for a hormone deficiency?
Definition
Direct hormone replacement
Term
(T/F) A direct hormone replacement is most commonly used in a hormone deficiency, even when the problem lies with the precursor to the hormone
Definition
True - easier than having to synthesize from precursor
Term
Name two ways that are used to combat a hormone excess
Definition
1. Inhibitory drug therapy
2. Ablation therapy
Term
What occurs during inhibitory drug therapy?
Definition
Enzymes are inhibited, or hormones with opposite effect are used
Term
What occurs during ablation therapy? (3)
Definition
- Surgical removal of a lesion, leaving gland intact
- Shrinking andreogen dependent tumours by shutting of gonadal production of steroids
- Radioactive iodine
Term
Describe the results of the boy exhibiting hyperandrogenicity (test results have testosterone and 17-OH-Prog levels exceptionally high)
Definition
- LH/Cortisol levels are normal
- Must have a deficiency in an enzyme (partial 21-hydroxylase deficiency)
Term
Why are the cortisol levels normal?
Definition
Increased ACTH drive to get proper levels of cortisol
Term
What is the consequence of this?
Definition
Buildup of precursors
Term
What would you use as a treatment against this?
Definition
GnRH agonist, anti-androgen Ab
Term
What indicates a primary pathology?
Definition
Negative feedback response is normal, but still see hyper/hypo secretion of hormones (ie elevated TSH levels in hypothyroidism)
Term
What indicates a secondary pathology?
Definition
Abnormal feedback response (ie elevated TSH when thyroid hormones are elevated)
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