Term
| Give a general description of rates of hormone secretion |
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Definition
Hormones usually secreted in short bursts
But levels may also fluctuate regularly over 24 h as circardian rhythms |
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Term
| List/describe the inputs to endocrine cells that influence hormone secretion. |
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Definition
Changes in plasma levels of mineral ions or organic nutrients
Neurotransmitters from neurons acting on endocrine cells (are often autonomic neurons)
Other chemical signaling agents (hormones, paracrine agent, etc) hormones that stimulates secretion of another hormone is a tropic hormone. Tropic hormone often also influences gland growth |
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Definition
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Term
| Rate of hormone secretion is result of |
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Definition
Integration of multiple (sometimes conflicting inputs)
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Term
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Definition
Hormones used at high concentrations not seen normally |
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Term
| What is an example of pharmalogical effects |
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Definition
| Adrenal cortisol to suppress inflammation and allergic reactions |
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Term
| Give examples of some of the varied effects of endocrine disorders |
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Definition
| Imbalance in metabolism à weight loss or gain. Failure to grow or develop normally in early life. Abnormally high or low blood pressure. Loss of reproductive fertility. Changes in mental or emotional state |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Reduced response of target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| increased response of target calls |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary hyposecretion occurs when gland is secreting too little hormone. |
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Term
| Example of primary hyposecretion |
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Definition
Destruction of adrenal cortexà decreased cortisol secretion
Or dietary iodine deficiency leading to decreased thyroid hormone secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Not enough tropic hormone to stimulate gland |
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Term
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Definition
RARE occur when factors from hypothalamus that stimulate the tropic hormone-producing gland are absentà reduction of levels of BOTH tropic factor and the hormone produced by the gland it stimulates.
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Term
Treatment of hyposecretion
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Definition
| Giving hormone injection or by oral or nasal administration |
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Term
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Definition
| Gland secretes too much hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Too much tropic factor stimulates gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation of the tropic-hormone producing gland by factors from the hypothalamus can also occur |
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Term
| How does a tumor of the adrenal medulla occur? |
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Definition
| Unregulated secretion of catecholamines… primary hypersecretion |
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Term
| What are symptoms of primary hypersecretion of the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
| Tachycardia, hypertension, headache, episodes of sweating, anxiousness, tremor |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of hypersecretion? |
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Definition
| Tumor of an endocrine gland |
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Term
| How do you treat hypersecretion? |
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Definition
| Removal or irradiation of tumor, drugs that block hormone’s synthesis, drugs that block hormone’s action on target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Target cells do not respond normally to hormone |
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Term
| What causes hyporesponsiveness? |
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Definition
| Low density of receptors for hormones, abnormal receptors for hormones, abnormal response to hormone binding receptors |
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Term
| What is an example of hyporesponsiveness? |
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Definition
Diabetes 2 (mellitus) target cells are hyporesponsive to insulin or androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization) where target cells don’t bind androgens in genetic males—failure to develop male sex characteristics
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Term
| Diabetes type 2 is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
Androgen insensitivity is an example of
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Definition
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Term
| What can hyporesponsiveness be caused by |
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Definition
A failure of metabolic activation.
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Term
| An example of hyporesponsiveness is |
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Definition
| Condition where males fail to metabolize testosterone to dyhydrotesteosterone to target cells |
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Term
| Hyperresponsiveness example |
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Definition
| Hyperresponsiveness of thyroid (increased synthesis of receptors for epinephrine( Hyperresponsiveness to epinephrine |
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