Term
|
Definition
| this system communicates via chemical messengers in the bloodstream to target tissue containing receptors |
|
|
Term
| epithelial cells - prominent nuclei with numerous organelles (they have to synthesize all the hormones) |
|
Definition
| what is the origin of the secretory cells of the endocrine system? describe their appearance |
|
|
Term
| no ducts, they secrete their products into the surrounding interstitial space |
|
Definition
| do endocrine organs have ducts? where is their product secreted? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what kind of capillaries surround endocrine organs to absorb and transport hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coordinates the endocrine functions of the body, acts as an intermediary between the ANS and endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| yes, the pancreas is mixed endocrine and exocrine |
|
Definition
| are the endocrine organs discreetly endocrine? where is the exception? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another name for the petuitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the size of the specialized appendage of the brain known as the hypophysis? |
|
|
Term
| below the third ventricle |
|
Definition
| what ventricle is the hypophysus near, and is it above or below? |
|
|
Term
| sella turcica is a part of the sphenoid bone |
|
Definition
| what bone forms the structure around the petuitary? name the bone structure |
|
|
Term
| the hypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
| what is the name of the blood supply that allows communication of the petuitary with the hypothalmus |
|
|
Term
directing acting hormones have a non-endocrine target organ
tropic hormones act on another endocrine gland |
|
Definition
| what is the difference between the direct acting hormone and a tropic hormone? |
|
|
Term
| GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin |
|
Definition
| name the direct acting hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads |
|
Definition
| name the petuitary dependent endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
anterior: glandular epithelial tissue
posterior: neural secretory tissue |
|
Definition
| describe the tissue of the anterior petuitary and posterior petuitary |
|
|
Term
| adenohypophysis, pars anterior, pars distalis |
|
Definition
| what are some of the other names of the anterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
| evagination of ectoderm from the oral cavity in a region of the pharynx called Rathke's pouch |
|
Definition
| the anterior petuitary is a speciallized glandular tissue, what does it form from? |
|
|
Term
1)pars distalis
2)pars intermedia
3)pars tuberalis |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 regions of Rathke's pouch that differentiate in the anterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what region of Rathke's pouch makes up the bulk of the anterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what region of Rathke's pouch makes up the thin layer between the anterior and posterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is secreted by the pars intermedia? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what frequently contains systic remnants of Rathke's pouch? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what region of Rathke's pouch forms an extension of the anterior petuitary that froms the collar/stalk of the petuitary? |
|
|
Term
| infundibulum, comes from and extension of the anterior petuitary (pars tuberalis) |
|
Definition
| what is another name for the stalk of the petuitary? what does it form from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what part of the petuitary secretes the bulk of the pituitary hormones (including both direct acting a trophic hormones)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the direct acting hormones secreted by the pars distalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the trophic hormones secreted by the pars distalis |
|
|
Term
the hypothalmis with the hypothalamic regulating factors
ex: releaseing factors and inhibitory factors |
|
Definition
| what controls the secretion of the anterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
| chromophils(stain) or chomophobes(don't stain) |
|
Definition
| how are the cells of the anterior petuitary classified? |
|
|
Term
1) acidophils
2) basophils |
|
Definition
| name the 2 types of chromophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what color do acidophils stain with H&E? |
|
|
Term
| basic dye: blue to light purple |
|
Definition
| what color do basophils stain with H&E? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cells that don't take acidophil or basophillic dyes, clear on H & E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what do chromophobes represent? |
|
|
Term
| somatotrophs, mammotrophs(lactotrophs) |
|
Definition
| name the subtypes of acidophils |
|
|
Term
1)thyrotrophs
2)gonadotrophs
3)corticotrophs (or chromophobes) |
|
Definition
| name the subtypes of basophils |
|
|
Term
most:
corticotrophs 50% of cells
somatotrophs 20% of cells
mammotrophs 20% of cells
gonadotrophs 5% of cells
thyrotrophs 5% of cells |
|
Definition
| list the subtypes of cells in the anterior petuitary from most prevalent to least |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what subtype of cells in the anterior petuitary secrete GH? |
|
|
Term
| mammotrophs (lactotrophs) |
|
Definition
| what subtype of cells in the anterior petuitary secrete prolactin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what subtype of cells in the anterior petuitary secrete TSH(thyrotropin)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what subtype of cells in the anterior petuitary secrete FSH & LH? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what subtype of cells in the anterior petuitary secrete ACTH, MSH, and endorphins? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what subtype of cell in the anterior petuitary is either classified as a basophil or a chromophobe? |
|
|
Term
| neurohypophysis, pars nervosa |
|
Definition
| what are the other names for the posterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is the posterior petuitary located in relation to the hypothalmus? |
|
|
Term
| axons of neurosecretory origin |
|
Definition
| what is found in the infundibulum of the posterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
| downgrowth of nervous tissue drom the floor of the diencephalon (3rd ventricle) |
|
Definition
| what forms the posterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are petuicytes found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are the cell bodies of the neurosecretory axons (that store and release products) in the posterior petuitary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretion of posterior petuitary hormones by axons from nerve cells in hypothalmus |
|
|
Term
| the hypothalamus-hypophyseal feedback loop |
|
Definition
| what regulates neurosecretion? |
|
|
Term
1) ADH (vasopresin)
2) oxytocin |
|
Definition
| name the hormones that come from the hypothalmus that are secreted via the posterior petuitary |
|
|
Term
| dilated axons of the posterior petuitary that are storying neurosecretory granules of ADH and oxytocin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls blood pressure by altering permeability of renal collecting tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes smooth muscle contraction in uterus & breast (esp. during labor and lactation) |
|
|
Term
| a decrease in the production of ADH |
|
Definition
| what causes increased production of urine in diabetes insipidus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilateral, lobulated, endocrine gland on the anterior/ventral neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what connects the left and right sides of the thyroid gland? |
|
|
Term
| loose CT capsule, fine CT septa |
|
Definition
| describe the capsule and septal tissue of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| it stores a large amount of inactive hormone |
|
Definition
| why is the thyroid unique among endocrine glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the glycoprotein colloid stored by the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| extracelular follicles (structural units of the thyroid gland) |
|
Definition
| where is thyroglobulin stored in the thyroid gland? |
|
|
Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| what type of cells line the follcles of the thyroid gland? |
|
|
Term
| concentrate iodine 30-40X blood levels and secrete it as thyroglobulin via apical microvilli |
|
Definition
| what do follicular epithelial cells in the thyroid do? |
|
|
Term
| T4 is made first, then the liver makes T3 from it by cleaving off some iodine |
|
Definition
| which is made from which: T4 and T3? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| algae and seaweed are high in this compound |
|
|
Term
| T3 is the biologically active form |
|
Definition
| which is the more potent, biologically active form of T3/T4? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____regulates BMR and growth & development of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormone deficiency during development impairs neural development & myelination, resulting in physical stunting and mental retardation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parafollicular cells aka C cells, or clear cells |
|
Definition
| name the secondary secretory cells in the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
at the periphery of the follicles or scattered within connective tissue
(in lower vertebrates they make up a separate organ) |
|
Definition
| where are the C cells found in the thyroid? |
|
|
Term
they secrete calcitonin which regulates blood calcium levels along with parathyroid hormone
(a decrease in serum calcium inhibits osteoclasts) |
|
Definition
| what do C cells secrete? what does this do? |
|
|
Term
| enlargement of the thyroid, may be indicative of either hyper OR hypo thyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insufficient dietary iodine causes ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in number and size of follicular cells causes ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small oval endocrine glands associated with the thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on what side of the thyroid are the parathyroid glands? |
|
|
Term
| 3rd and 4th branchial(pharyngeal) pouches |
|
Definition
| what are the parathyroid glands embryonically derived from |
|
|
Term
| parathyroid hormone (parathormone), regulates serum calcium and phosphate (antagonistic to calcitonin) |
|
Definition
| what do the parathyroid glands secrete? what does it do? |
|
|
Term
| parathormone increases, calcitonin decreases |
|
Definition
| parathormone slowly ____ serum calcium, calcitonin quickly _____ serum calcium |
|
|
Term
1) increases osteoclast activity (inhibits osteoblasts)
2) increase renal tubular absorption ovf calcium in the kidneys (& inhibits resorption of phosphate)
3) increases calcium absorption from gut via Vitamin D |
|
Definition
| name the 3 ways that parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium? |
|
|
Term
| a decrease in serum calcium |
|
Definition
| what stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion? |
|
|
Term
1) chief cells
2) oxyphil cells |
|
Definition
| name the 2 types of secretory cells in the parathyroid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant secretory cells of the thyroid, secrete parathormone, stain clear to light pink with dark nuclei and moderate amount of cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger, less numerous cells of the parathyroid gland. Stain dark pink with more cytoplasm. occur in clusters and contain large numbers of mitochondria, but no secretory vessicles (unknown function) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens to the parathyroid glands in older individuals? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are the adrenal glands found? |
|
|
Term
| the adrenal cortex comes from mesoderm, like the gonads, the adrenal medulla comes from neuroectoderm |
|
Definition
| describe the 2 embryonic origins of the adrenal gland (-in humans. in lower vertebrates the medulla and cortex are 2 separate glands) |
|
|
Term
| ACTH from the anterior petuitary |
|
Definition
| what regulates adrenal cortex secretions? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the precursor of steroid hormones? |
|
|
Term
1) mineralcorticoids
2) glucocorticoids
3) sex hormones (androgens) |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 classes of adrenal hormones? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls electrolyte & fluid balance by regulationg Na/K+ levels via Na pumps esp. in renal tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
|
Definition
| simulates gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis (increasing blood glucose), also increase metabolism and breakdown of proteins, carbs, and lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in very small amounts, this supplements gonadal production from the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
1) zona glomerulosa
2) zona fasiculata
3) zona reticularis |
|
Definition
| name the layers of the adrenal cortex, superficial to deep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this zone of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin, dark staining band of the cortex layers.
-cytoplasm rich in SER, mitochondria, and TAG's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad, light staining band of the adrenal cortex that contains spongiocytes |
|
|
Term
| they are rich in SER, mitochondria & lipid droplets |
|
Definition
| what is special about spongiocytes? |
|
|
Term
1) glucocorticoids (cortisol)
2) small amounts of androgens |
|
Definition
| what is secreted by the zona fasciculata? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does cortisol do to the immune response? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin dark staining band of the adrenal cortex that secretes small quantities of androgens and glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are chromaffin cells found? |
|
|
Term
| modified, post-ganglionic neuronal cells with secretory function (epithelioid in appearance) |
|
Definition
| what are chromaffin cells? |
|
|
Term
| preganglionic, sympathetic nerve fibers |
|
Definition
| what controls/regulates chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla? |
|
|
Term
| catacholamines: adrenaline(epi), noradrenaline(norepi) |
|
Definition
| what do chromaffin cells secrete? |
|
|
Term
| cytoplasmic granules known as dense core granules |
|
Definition
| where are catacholamines stored in the adrenal medulla? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a systemic effect on adrenergic receptors throughout the body (esp skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catacholamines + _______ prepares body for fight or flight response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes glycogenolysis in liver as energy source and is responsible for the production of enkephalins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endogenous opiates responsible for pain relief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ aka hypoadrenocorticism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of the adrenal cortex to produce hormone (mineralo & glucocorticoids) |
|
|
Term
| atrophy of the adrenal gland, usually caused by autoimmune disease |
|
Definition
| what is the usual cause of Addison's disease? |
|
|
Term
| decrease in aldosterone leads to a decrease ECF volume, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, mild acidosis -> shock, death |
|
Definition
| describe what leads to an Addisonian crisis |
|
|
Term
| exogenous administration mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids (fluorinef & cortisol) |
|
Definition
| what is the treatment for Addison's disease? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____adrenocorticism aka Cushing's disease |
|
|
Term
primary - due to general adrenal hyperplasia, leading to excess cortisol secretion OR functional tumor of the adrenal cortex [in the adrenal cortex itself]
secondary-due to high ACTH from the anterior petuitary (petuitary tumor eg adenoma or carcinoma) increased ACTH secretion leads to adrenal hyperplasia & excess cortisol secretion [in the petuitary] |
|
Definition
| describe the differences between primary and secondary hyperadrenocorticism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bulk of the pancrease is ___crine and secretes digestive products into the gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during development, endocrine cells migrate from duct system & aggregate around capillaries of pancreas forming ______ |
|
|
Term
| immunohistochemical staining |
|
Definition
| how do you differentiate islet cell types? |
|
|
Term
| glucagon-increase blood glucose, stimulates gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis |
|
Definition
| what do alpha cells secrete? what does this stimulate? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| list the islet cell types in order of prevalence (most to least) |
|
|
Term
| insulin: decreases blood glucose & stimulates intracellular glycogen synthesis |
|
Definition
| what do beta cells secrete, and what does this do? |
|
|
Term
| somatostatin: inhibits both insulin and glucagon production |
|
Definition
| what do delta cells secrete, and what does this do? |
|
|
Term
1) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
2) pancreatic polypeptide (PP) |
|
Definition
| besides the 3 main cells of the pancreas, other miscellaneous cells secrete substances, list them: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only compound in the body that decreases blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| TINY! it will fit in your microscope viewing window at 10x, it is 6-8 mm long |
|
Definition
| how big is the pineal gland? |
|
|
Term
| anterodorsal to the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| where is the pineal gland located? |
|
|
Term
| develops from neuroectoderm as an evagintion of the posterior portion of the 3rd ventricle, from the roof of the diencephalon |
|
Definition
| describe the embryonic origins of the pineal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what structure does the pineal gland communicate with? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| translates light intensity and duration(photoperiod) into endocrine signals which is important in circadian rhythm and reproductive cycles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what hormones are secreted by the pineal gland? |
|
|
Term
| stimulates melanophores, pigment containing cells, causing a change in color intensity with the reproductive cycle |
|
Definition
| describe the effects of melatonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what hormone causes muscle contraction and has an anti-gonadal effect, decreasing sexual activity? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this leads to a decrease in GNRH from the hypothalmus, causing a decrease in sex hormone secretion from the gonads |
|
|
Term
pinealocytes (chief cells)
-they are highly modified neurons that secreted serotonin and melatonin |
|
Definition
| name the most common cell type in the pineal gland, what do they do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interstitial cells/support cells similar to astrocytes in the pineal gland |
|
|
Term
| corpora arenacea - calcified accretions of calcium and magnesium phosphate in aging individuals |
|
Definition
| what is the fancy term for brain sand? what is it? |
|
|
Term
| they secrete peptide and amine hormones (secretin, CCK, gastrin, serotonin, VIP, substance P, bombesin) |
|
Definition
| what do the endocrine cellsin the mucosa of the GI tract, respiratory tract, and pancreas secrete? |
|
|
Term
| APUD cells (amine reuptake and decarboxylation) they do not have similar embryonic origins, and therefore do not share common ancestry as once thought |
|
Definition
| some cells of the endocrine system scattered throughout GI/respiratory mucosa of the body have similar ultrastructures and metabolic pathways. Name them. Do they have similar embryonic origins? |
|
|
Term
| mostly neural crest (highly modified neurons), others in the gut are from endoderm |
|
Definition
| what are most of the dispersive(ie GI/respiratory/pancreas) endocrine cells of the body embryologically derived from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what endocrine hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what endocrine hormones are secreted by thyroid C cells? |
|
|
Term
| insulin, glucagon, somatostatin |
|
Definition
| what endocrine hormones are secreted by pancreatic islets? |
|
|
