Term
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Definition
| composed of islands of secretory cells of epithelial origin that discharge their products into capillaries |
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Definition
| release their products into an epithelial duct |
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Term
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Definition
| can be classified as proteins/glycoproteins, small peptides, amino-acid derivatives, and steroids |
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Term
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Definition
| sole or major function is synthesis, storage, and secretion of hormones |
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Term
| endocrine components within other solid organs |
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Definition
| clusters of endocrine cells within other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| scattered individual hormone cells, usually within an extensive epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| contains cell bodies of neurosecretory neurons, which produce the hormones that in turn control secretion by the pituitary gland |
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Term
| supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
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Definition
| produce vasopressin, oxytocin, and prolactin |
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Term
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Definition
| produce GHRH, TRH, CRH, GRH, and prolactin inhibitory factor |
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Term
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Definition
| causes release of growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of POMC and release of beta LPH and ACTH |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates release of FSH and LH |
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Term
| prolactin inhibitory factor |
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Definition
| inhibits release of prolactin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| located in sella turcica, made of 2 separate glands |
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Term
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Definition
| formerly Rathke's pouch, formed by pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia |
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Term
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Definition
| pars nervosa and infundibular stalk |
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Term
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Definition
| cords of epithelial cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries, stain dark, reticular fibers support hormone-secreting cells, cells regulate function of other endocrine glands/milk secretion/melanocyte activity/metabolism of muscle, bone, and adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| produce FSH and LH (gonadotropic), corticotrophin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (corticotropic), and thyrotropin (thyrotropic) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce growth hormone (somatotropic) and prolactin (mammotropic) |
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Term
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Definition
| low staining affinity, consist of stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells and degranulated chromophilic cells |
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Term
| chromophils and chromophobes |
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Definition
| cell types found in the pars distalis |
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Term
| TEM and immunohistochemistry |
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Definition
| important to distinguish between specific cell types because they cannot be identified by light microscopy alone |
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Term
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Definition
| funnel-shaped region surrounding infundibulum of posterior pituitary, mostly basophilic gonadotropic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| thin zone of basophilic cells between 2 regions of neurohypophysis, develops from dorsal wall of hypophysis and contains colloid-filled cysts that are remnants of that structure's lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| originally part of diencephalon, contains nerve axons and glial cells (pituicytes) and is made of 2 parts |
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Term
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Definition
| stains lightly, expanded distal portion of neurohypophysis that contains neurosecretory axons of hypothalamal-hypophyseal tract |
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Term
| supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
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Definition
| contain cell bodies of neurosecretory neurons that extend to pars nervosa in posterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| atypical nerve terminals, secrete hormones in place of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| granules containing hormones from the hypothalamus, found in pars nervosa |
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Term
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Definition
| also contains fibroblasts, mast cells, and pituicytes |
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Term
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Definition
| contains neurosecretory nerve endings from hypothalamic neurons other than SON and PVN, responsible for regulating adenohypophysis through hypothalamal-hypophyseal portal system |
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Term
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Definition
| special network of blood vessels carrying hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| branches of superior hypophyseal arteries that form plexus of fenestrated capillaries, supply median eminence |
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Term
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Definition
| from primary plexus to pars distalis |
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Term
| secondary capillary plexus |
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Definition
| receives hormones produced in adenohypophysis and releases them |
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Term
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Definition
| connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary |
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Term
| additional blood supply to the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
| small, middle, and inferior hypophyseal arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| paired organs, bean shaped, have dense connective tissue capsule that sends septa known as trabeculae through the glands, has 2 layers: cortex and medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| derives from mesoderm, produces steroid hormones, has 3 concentric zones |
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Term
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Definition
| external part of cortex, formed by closely packed/rounded/arched cords of columnar or pyramidal cells ALWAYS surrounded by capillaries; cells produce aldosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| long cords of large polyhedral cells separated by fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries found here, makes up around 85% of gland, secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol) and small amounts of androgens |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost part of cortex and is in contact with medulla, main product is DHEA (converted into testosterone in several tissues) |
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Term
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Definition
| derives from neural crest, composed of chromaffin cells that are considered modified postganglionic neurons, cells make epinephrine or norepinephrine |
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Term
| epinephrine-producing chromaffin cells |
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Definition
| located near cortical sinusoids |
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Term
| norepinephrine-producing chromaffin cells |
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Definition
| located near medullary arterioles |
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Term
| pancreatic islets of Langerhans |
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Definition
| compact masses of endocrine tissue embedded within acinar exocrine tissue of pancreas, derived from epithelial outgrowth from endoderm near bile duct, surrounded by thin capsule of reticular fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| islet cells that secrete glucagon |
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Term
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Definition
| produce insulin, most abundant cell type in islets of Langerhans |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete somatostatin and less abundant than other cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete pancreatic polypeptide, found in islets, least abundant cell type |
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Definition
| located in cervical region anterior to larynx, originates from foregut endoderm near base of tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by rounded epithelial structures called thyroid follicles |
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Term
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Definition
| simple epithelium surrounding central lumen filled with colloid, contains thyroglobulin (the inactive precursor for T4 and T3) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce calcitonin, found within follicles or as isolated clusters between them |
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Term
| step 1 of thyroid hormone production/storage/release |
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Definition
| thyroglobulin is synthesized in the RER and glycosylated in the RER and Golgi (uses AAs from circulation), includes mannose incorporation |
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Term
| step 2 of thyroid hormone production/storage/release |
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Definition
| circulating iodine is incorporated through the basolateral cell membrane of the follicular cells from the capillary lumen |
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Term
| step 3 of thyroid hormone production/storage/release |
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Definition
| Iodide is transferred to the follicular lumen, undergoes oxidation; secretion of thyroglobulin occurs also |
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Term
| step 4 of thyroid hormone production/storage/release |
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Definition
| tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin are colloid lumen |
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Term
| step 5 of thyroid hormone production/storage/release |
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Definition
| follicular cells take up colloid by endocytosis or pinocytosis |
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Term
| step 6 of thyroid hormone production/storage/release |
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Definition
| endocytic vesicles fuse with lysosomes and move to basolateral membrane |
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Term
| step 7 of thyroid hormone production/storage/release |
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Definition
| thyroglobulin is degraded to T3 or T4 and those products are released to circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 small glands located on back of another gland, derive from pharyngeal pouches in the embryo, contained within a capsule that sends septa into gland, has chief cells and oxyphil cells |
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Term
| chief cells of parathyroid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| larger than other cell type in parathyroid gland, have acidophilic cytoplasm and abnormally shaped mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| release triggered by lower extracellular calcium, triggers bone resorption, may also be regulated by phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| small, pine cone shaped organ, develops from neuroectoderm in roof of diencephalon, covered in connective tissue, cells produce melatonin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| similar to astrocytes, found in gland with pinealocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of tissue around pineal gland with age, useful to localize 3rd ventricle in brain |
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Term
| diffuse neuro-endocrine system |
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Definition
| includes heart, kidneys, thymus, gut, and gonads; regulates neighboring cells, example: somatostatin and CCK-releasing hormone cells are next to each other in duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| FGF23 acts at kidney to decrease function of 25OHD-1alpha-hydroxlyases and inorganic phosphate levels in serum, may also be responsible for insulin secretion and increases in testosterone production and male fertility |
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Term
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Definition
| carrier proteins for oxytocin and vasopressin |
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Term
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Definition
| increased tonicity in the blood is recognized by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which stimulates ADH synthesis in the supraoptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated by breast-feeding via sensory tracts acting on the hypothalamus; called the milk-ejection reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| trigger opposing activities of insulin and glucagon; i.e. low blood glucose stimulates glucagon production and activity |
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