Term
1) neurotransmitters
2) endocrine hormones
3) neuroendocrine hormones
4) paracrine agents
5) autocrine agents |
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Definition
| name the 5 types of chemical messengers |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of chemical messengers that are released at synaptic junctions and act locally |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of chemical messenger that is released by glandular tissue into the bloodstream and acts on targets some distance away |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of chemical messenger that is secreted from neurons into the blood that can then influence the function of cells some distance away |
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Term
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Definition
| type of chemical messenger that diffuses into the extracellular fluid and affects neighboring cells |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messenger that is secreted and then affects the cell which secreted the substance by binding to surface receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the hormones released by the pituitary and almost all of the releasing hormones of the hypothalmus are this type |
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Term
thyroxine
norepi
epi (from adrenal medulla) |
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Definition
| name the hormones that are derrivatives of amino acids(like tyrosine) |
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Term
| cortisol, aldosterone (from adrenal cortex) |
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Definition
| name the hormones that are steroids |
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Term
1) thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) - peptide
2) corticotropic releasing hormones (CRH) - peptide
3) growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) - peptide
4) growth hormone inhibitory hormone/somatostatin (GHIH) - peptide
5) gonadotropic releasing hormone (GNRH) - peptide
6) dopamine/prolactin inhibiting factor (PIH) - AMINE |
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Definition
| list the hormones secreted from the hypothalmus and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid |
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Term
ALL PEPTIDES:
1) GH
2) TSH
3) ACTH
4) Prolactin
5) FSH
6) LH |
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Definition
| list the hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid |
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Term
BOTH PEPTIDES
1) ADH
2) Oxytocin |
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Definition
| list the hormones secreted from the posterior petuitary and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid |
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Term
1) thyroxine (t4) and triiodothyonine (T6) - amine
2) calcitonin - peptide |
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Definition
| list the hormones secreted from the thyroid and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid |
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Term
1) cortisol - steroid
2) aldosterone - steroid |
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Definition
| list the hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid |
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Term
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Definition
| list the hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid |
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Term
| 1) parathyroid hormone (PTH) - peptide |
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Definition
| list the hormones secreted from the parathyroid and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone stimulates secretion of TSH And prolactin |
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Term
| CRH from hypothalmus aka adrenocorticotropin |
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Definition
| this hormone causes release of ACTH |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone causes release of growth hormone |
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Term
| GHIH (hypothalmus) aka somatostatin |
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Definition
| this hormone inhibits release of growth hormonw |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone causes release of LH and FSH |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone inhibits release of prolactin |
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Term
| Growth hormone (anterior pituitary) |
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Definition
| this hormone stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (t4 and T6) |
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Term
| ACTH (anterior pituitary) |
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Definition
| this hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, aldosterone) |
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Term
| prolactin (anterior pituitary) |
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Definition
| this hormone promotes development of the female breasts and secretion of milk |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone causes growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of the testes |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone simulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes, stimulates ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum, and estrogen & progesterne synthesis in the ovaries |
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Term
| ADH (aka vasopressin) (posterior pituitary) |
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Definition
| this hormone increases reabsorption of water by increasing aquaporins in the kidneys collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormone increases the rates of chemical reactions in most cells, thus increasing BMR |
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Term
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Definition
| this hormones promotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration |
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Term
| cortisol (adrenal cortex) |
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Definition
| this hormone has multiple metabolic functions for controlling metabolism of proteins, also has anti-inflammatory effects |
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Term
| aldosterone (adrenal cortex) |
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Definition
| this hormone increases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion |
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Term
| norepi/epi (adrenal medulla) |
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Definition
| this hormone has the same effects as sympathetic stimulation |
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Term
| parathyroid hormone (parathyroid glands) |
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Definition
| this hormone controls serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bones |
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Term
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Definition
| where are protein and peptide hormones synthesized? |
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Term
| it goes from the ER -> golgi -> secretory vesseicles -> released on excitation via exocytosis -> then carried in the bloodstream as is, because peptides are water soluble |
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Definition
| describe the path of a protein/peptide hormone from it's translation to the blood stream. |
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Term
1) catecholamines (norepi/epi) by modifying side groups
2) thyroid hormones (T4, T6) by combining 2 tyrosines & cleaving |
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Definition
| tyrosine is used to make 2 classes of hormones, name them |
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Term
| stored in vessicles, released via exocytosis |
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Definition
| how are tyrosine derrivative hormones stored/released? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the parent compound of all steroid hormones? |
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Term
| they are typically not stored in vessicles, they diffuse out, but travel in the blood via a carrier protein because they are lipid soluble |
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Definition
| how are steroids stored/released? |
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Term
| typically via G protein couple receptors or tyrosine kinase receptors |
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Definition
| because peptide/protein hormones cannot cross the membrane via diffusion, how do they get out? |
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Term
1)adenylyl cyclase-cAMP -pKa
2)phospholipase C - DAG-PKC + IP3 - Ca++
3)phospholipase A2 -cleaves lipds from arachadonic acid - prostaglandins + leukotrienes |
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Definition
| what do G protein coupled receptors usually couple to? |
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Term
| enzymes or transcription factors |
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Definition
| receptor tyrosine kinases and tyrosine kinase associated receptors phosphorylate _______ or _____ |
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Term
1) parathyroid hormone: adenylyl cyclase
2) ADH: Phospholipase C
3) TRH: phospholipase A2 |
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Definition
| give a hormone example that uses each type of g protein coupled receptor |
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Term
| Insulin (remember the sulfur bridge thing from biochem?) |
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Definition
| what hormone uses a receptor tyrosine kinase that undergoes autophosphorylation? |
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Term
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Definition
| what hormone binds to a tyrosine kinase-associated receptor that causes phosphorylation via the JAK-STAT-MAPK/Transcription factor path? |
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Term
Gs (stimulatory)
Gi (inhibitory)
Gq (?) |
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Definition
| what are the 3 types of G proteins that, for example norepinephrine, epi, or dopamine can bind to to have different effects? |
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Term
| in the cytoplasm, can also be in the nucleus (like for thyroid hormones) |
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Definition
| where are most steroid receptors? where else can they be? |
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Term
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Definition
| most hormones undergo negative feedback, but some do positive feedback, name them |
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Term
| cortisol, testosterone, melatonin, GH |
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Definition
| name the hormones that undergo cyclical changes |
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Term
detects:
1) osmolarty
2) temperature
3) blood volume changes
4) fear (limbic system) |
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Definition
| the hypothalmus controls hormone release to the anterior pituitary, what signals does it detect to do so? |
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Term
| neuron cell bodies in the hypothalmus have their axons release these hormones into the posterior pituitary where they are released to the blood |
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Definition
| where are posterior pituitary hormones (ADH and oxytocin) made? |
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Term
ADH: supraoptic nuclei
Oxytocin: para ventricular nucleus (pvn)
fun fact: both these hormones are 9 aa's long |
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Definition
| what neuron clusters release ADH? Oxytocin? |
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Term
| portal vessels carry the tropic hormones directly to the AP at the median einence |
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Definition
| how do releasing/inhibiting hormones get to the anterior pituitary? |
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Term
-high osmotic pressure (high electrolyte conc.) of blood going through the hypothalmus
-low blood volume |
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Definition
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Term
-when the cervix is stimulated at the end of pregnancy
-suckling |
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Definition
| when is oxytocin released? |
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Term
in general: increases protein synthesis
-increased AA uptake into cells
-increased transcription/translation
-decreased protein breakdown (used FA as energy instead of AAs) |
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Definition
| how does growth hormone affect protein metabolism (specifically and in general) |
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Term
in general: causes increased used of fats
-release FA from adipose tissue
-uses fat instead of carbs/proteins |
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Definition
| how does growth hormone affect fat metabolism (specifically and in general) |
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Term
in general: decreased carb utilization
-less glucose transported into skeletal muscle and fat
- more glucose made by the liver
- more insulin secreted to compensate
- insulin resistance may occur as a result of GH |
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Definition
| what does growth hormone do to carbohydrate metabolism (in general and specificaly) |
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Term
-stimulates growth of cartilage and long bones in young & adolescents
-stimulates osteoblasts to make thicker bones
-stimulates somatomedin release from the liver (long lasting growth actions) |
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Definition
| how does GH stimulate bone growth? |
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Term
| liver, GH stimulates its release, does long lasting growth actions |
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Definition
| where is somatomedin released? what causes its release? what does it do? |
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Term
1) starvation
2) trauma/stress
3) exercise
4) early stages of deep sleep
5) testosterone & estrogen
6) grellin (hunger trigger) |
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Definition
| what stimulates GH release? |
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Term
1) high blood glucose (like after a big meal)
2) high amount of free fatty acids
3) aging
4) obesity |
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Definition
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Term
1) strenuous excercise
2) deep sleep (Early stages) |
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Definition
| since GH is a cyclical hormone, where in your daily cycle is GH released triggered? |
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Term
it detects blood glucose and either releases GHRH or somatostatin (GHIH)
-also stress is conveyed from the amygdala |
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Definition
| how does the hypothalamus regulate GH release? |
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Term
| a reduction in GH release from the AP |
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Definition
| a proportionate reduction in the size of a person's body (dwarfism) can be due to what? |
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Term
gigantism: increased GH before adolescence
acromegaly: increased GH release after adolsecence |
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Definition
| what causes gigantism? acromegaly? |
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Term
| bones become thicker and cartilage can grow, hands and feet, and membranous bones grow (jaw, nose, cranium) |
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Definition
| what happens in acromegaly? |
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Term
| he's all wrinkly, GH would prevent protein breakdown and thus prevent wrinkles |
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Definition
| even though abe lincoln has a funky jaw, what might support that he doesn't have acromegaly? |
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Term
1)it decreases fat
2) allows you to recover more quickly
3) allows you to work out harder
4) allows you to maintain strength longer
5) prevents muscle degradation
6) helps prevent wrinkles
7) increase bone density? |
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Definition
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Term
1) CRH diffuses through portal system
2) ACTH synth'd and released from AP into blood
3) adrenal cortex is stimulated to release cortisol |
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Definition
| describe the path of cortisol release starting with hypothalamus stimulation |
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Term
in the adrenal cortex
Angiotensin II: zona glomerulosa
ACTH: zona faciculata and reticularis |
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Definition
| what zone of the adrenal glands is mostly affected by Angiotensin II? ACTH? |
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Term
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Definition
| which is secreted more by the adrenal medulla, norepi or epi? |
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Term
| it has a similar structure to aldosterone |
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Definition
| why can cortisol act as a mineralocorticoid? |
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Term
| acts on sweat glands, kidneys, and the intestines to help water and Na+ be re-absorbed to help increase MABP |
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Definition
| where does aldosterone act, and how? |
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Term
1) stimulates gluconeogenesis from AA breakdown
2) conserves glucose by causing a decreased use of glucose by cells
3) reduces protein formation ( increase AA breakdown and decreased transcription/translation)
4) used FA for metabolism to conserve Glucose (fat breakdown for FA mobilization) |
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Definition
| what are the metabolic effects of cortisol? |
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Term
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Definition
| what hormones cause FA breakdown? |
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Term
1) stabilizes lysosomal membranes so proteases are less likely to be released
2) decreases capillary permeability to decrease swelling and edma
3) decreases WBC migration and phagocytosis to reduce prostaglandin/leukotriene formation
4) suppresses immune system
5) reduces fever
6) repairs tissue quicker (increases endurance somehow) taken after the immune response cause a quicker recovery |
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Definition
| describe the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol |
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Term
prednisone is 4x stronger
dexa methasone is 30x stronger |
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Definition
| compare cortisol to prednisone, to dexamethasone |
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Term
1) arthritis
2) glomerulonephritis
3) allergies
4) anaphylactic shock
5) chronic respiratory disease (prevents lung tissue breakdown)
6) tissue transplantation (decrease rejection) |
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Definition
| what diseases are treated by cortisol/prednisone? |
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Term
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Definition
| what hormone can cause a buffalo hump because it causes FA mobilization and deposition in weird places? |
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Term
1) buffalo hump
2) high blood glucose- diabetes like
3) osteomalacia - break down proteins decreases bone density
4) sarcopenia (muscle weakness) from protein breakdown |
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Definition
| what are some of the negative effects of cortisol? |
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Term
1) stress
2) trauma
3) starvation
4) infection
5) intense heat/cold
6) cyclical (peaks in the morning) |
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Definition
| why is cortisol released? |
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Term
| they can shrivel up and stop making cortisol on their own |
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Definition
| what happens to your cortisol releasing cells from long term cortisol abuse? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a type of hyPERadrenalism |
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Term
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Definition
| this disease causes reduced cortisol and reduced aldosterone because of reduced function of the adrenal cortices |
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Term
low aldosterone: inability to retain salt and water, and thus decreased CO
low cortisol: inability to maintain glucose levels, or maintain metabolism of proteins and fats
which is bad because you cannot maintain your glucose level between meals |
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Definition
| what results form low aldosterone and low cortisol? |
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Term
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Definition
| this disease is caused by hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, usually due to high ACTH from the AP |
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Term
1) increased cortisol
2) moon face, increased fat deposition in thorax and abdomen (buffalo hump)
3) loss of protein, muscle weakness |
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Definition
| what are the effects of hyperadrenalism? |
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