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Endocrine Function: Hypothalmus and Petuitary
Wacker 6/7/11 lecture 2 hrs
93
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
06/06/2011

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Term
1) neurotransmitters
2) endocrine hormones
3) neuroendocrine hormones
4) paracrine agents
5) autocrine agents
Definition
name the 5 types of chemical messengers
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
the type of chemical messengers that are released at synaptic junctions and act locally
Term
endocrine
Definition
the type of chemical messenger that is released by glandular tissue into the bloodstream and acts on targets some distance away
Term
neuroendocrine
Definition
the type of chemical messenger that is secreted from neurons into the blood that can then influence the function of cells some distance away
Term
paracrine
Definition
type of chemical messenger that diffuses into the extracellular fluid and affects neighboring cells
Term
autocrine
Definition
chemical messenger that is secreted and then affects the cell which secreted the substance by binding to surface receptors
Term
proteins and peptides
Definition
all of the hormones released by the pituitary and almost all of the releasing hormones of the hypothalmus are this type
Term
thyroxine
norepi
epi (from adrenal medulla)
Definition
name the hormones that are derrivatives of amino acids(like tyrosine)
Term
cortisol, aldosterone (from adrenal cortex)
Definition
name the hormones that are steroids
Term
1) thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) - peptide
2) corticotropic releasing hormones (CRH) - peptide
3) growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) - peptide
4) growth hormone inhibitory hormone/somatostatin (GHIH) - peptide
5) gonadotropic releasing hormone (GNRH) - peptide
6) dopamine/prolactin inhibiting factor (PIH) - AMINE
Definition
list the hormones secreted from the hypothalmus and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid
Term
ALL PEPTIDES:
1) GH
2) TSH
3) ACTH
4) Prolactin
5) FSH
6) LH
Definition
list the hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid
Term
BOTH PEPTIDES
1) ADH
2) Oxytocin
Definition
list the hormones secreted from the posterior petuitary and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid
Term
1) thyroxine (t4) and triiodothyonine (T6) - amine
2) calcitonin - peptide
Definition
list the hormones secreted from the thyroid and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid
Term
1) cortisol - steroid
2) aldosterone - steroid
Definition
list the hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid
Term
1) norepi/epi - amine
Definition
list the hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid
Term
1) parathyroid hormone (PTH) - peptide
Definition
list the hormones secreted from the parathyroid and whether they are a peptide, amine, or steroid
Term
TRH from the hypothalmus
Definition
this hormone stimulates secretion of TSH And prolactin
Term
CRH from hypothalmus aka adrenocorticotropin
Definition
this hormone causes release of ACTH
Term
GHRH (hypothalmus)
Definition
this hormone causes release of growth hormone
Term
GHIH (hypothalmus) aka somatostatin
Definition
this hormone inhibits release of growth hormonw
Term
GnRH (hypothalmus)
Definition
this hormone causes release of LH and FSH
Term
PIH (hypothalmus)
Definition
this hormone inhibits release of prolactin
Term
Growth hormone (anterior pituitary)
Definition
this hormone stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues
Term
TSH (anterior pituitary)
Definition
this hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (t4 and T6)
Term
ACTH (anterior pituitary)
Definition
this hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, aldosterone)
Term
prolactin (anterior pituitary)
Definition
this hormone promotes development of the female breasts and secretion of milk
Term
FSH (anterior pituitary)
Definition
this hormone causes growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of the testes
Term
LH (anterior pituitary)
Definition
this hormone simulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes, stimulates ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum, and estrogen & progesterne synthesis in the ovaries
Term
ADH (aka vasopressin) (posterior pituitary)
Definition
this hormone increases reabsorption of water by increasing aquaporins in the kidneys collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
Term
oxytocin
Definition
this hormone stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions
Term
oxytocin
Definition
this hormone stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions
Term
T4/T6 (thyroid)
Definition
this hormone increases the rates of chemical reactions in most cells, thus increasing BMR
Term
calcitonin (thyroid)
Definition
this hormones promotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration
Term
cortisol (adrenal cortex)
Definition
this hormone has multiple metabolic functions for controlling metabolism of proteins, also has anti-inflammatory effects
Term
aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
Definition
this hormone increases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion
Term
norepi/epi (adrenal medulla)
Definition
this hormone has the same effects as sympathetic stimulation
Term
parathyroid hormone (parathyroid glands)
Definition
this hormone controls serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bones
Term
in the endocrine cells
Definition
where are protein and peptide hormones synthesized?
Term
it goes from the ER -> golgi -> secretory vesseicles -> released on excitation via exocytosis -> then carried in the bloodstream as is, because peptides are water soluble
Definition
describe the path of a protein/peptide hormone from it's translation to the blood stream.
Term
1) catecholamines (norepi/epi) by modifying side groups
2) thyroid hormones (T4, T6) by combining 2 tyrosines & cleaving
Definition
tyrosine is used to make 2 classes of hormones, name them
Term
stored in vessicles, released via exocytosis
Definition
how are tyrosine derrivative hormones stored/released?
Term
cholersterol
Definition
what is the parent compound of all steroid hormones?
Term
they are typically not stored in vessicles, they diffuse out, but travel in the blood via a carrier protein because they are lipid soluble
Definition
how are steroids stored/released?
Term
typically via G protein couple receptors or tyrosine kinase receptors
Definition
because peptide/protein hormones cannot cross the membrane via diffusion, how do they get out?
Term
1)adenylyl cyclase-cAMP -pKa
2)phospholipase C - DAG-PKC + IP3 - Ca++
3)phospholipase A2 -cleaves lipds from arachadonic acid - prostaglandins + leukotrienes
Definition
what do G protein coupled receptors usually couple to?
Term
enzymes or transcription factors
Definition
receptor tyrosine kinases and tyrosine kinase associated receptors phosphorylate _______ or _____
Term
1) parathyroid hormone: adenylyl cyclase
2) ADH: Phospholipase C
3) TRH: phospholipase A2
Definition
give a hormone example that uses each type of g protein coupled receptor
Term
Insulin (remember the sulfur bridge thing from biochem?)
Definition
what hormone uses a receptor tyrosine kinase that undergoes autophosphorylation?
Term
Growth hormone (GH)
Definition
what hormone binds to a tyrosine kinase-associated receptor that causes phosphorylation via the JAK-STAT-MAPK/Transcription factor path?
Term
Gs (stimulatory)
Gi (inhibitory)
Gq (?)
Definition
what are the 3 types of G proteins that, for example norepinephrine, epi, or dopamine can bind to to have different effects?
Term
in the cytoplasm, can also be in the nucleus (like for thyroid hormones)
Definition
where are most steroid receptors? where else can they be?
Term
LH, estrogen, oxytocin
Definition
most hormones undergo negative feedback, but some do positive feedback, name them
Term
cortisol, testosterone, melatonin, GH
Definition
name the hormones that undergo cyclical changes
Term
detects:
1) osmolarty
2) temperature
3) blood volume changes
4) fear (limbic system)
Definition
the hypothalmus controls hormone release to the anterior pituitary, what signals does it detect to do so?
Term
neuron cell bodies in the hypothalmus have their axons release these hormones into the posterior pituitary where they are released to the blood
Definition
where are posterior pituitary hormones (ADH and oxytocin) made?
Term
ADH: supraoptic nuclei
Oxytocin: para ventricular nucleus (pvn)

fun fact: both these hormones are 9 aa's long
Definition
what neuron clusters release ADH? Oxytocin?
Term
portal vessels carry the tropic hormones directly to the AP at the median einence
Definition
how do releasing/inhibiting hormones get to the anterior pituitary?
Term
-high osmotic pressure (high electrolyte conc.) of blood going through the hypothalmus
-low blood volume
Definition
when is ADH released?
Term
-when the cervix is stimulated at the end of pregnancy
-suckling
Definition
when is oxytocin released?
Term
in general: increases protein synthesis
-increased AA uptake into cells
-increased transcription/translation
-decreased protein breakdown (used FA as energy instead of AAs)
Definition
how does growth hormone affect protein metabolism (specifically and in general)
Term
in general: causes increased used of fats
-release FA from adipose tissue
-uses fat instead of carbs/proteins
Definition
how does growth hormone affect fat metabolism (specifically and in general)
Term
in general: decreased carb utilization
-less glucose transported into skeletal muscle and fat
- more glucose made by the liver
- more insulin secreted to compensate
- insulin resistance may occur as a result of GH
Definition
what does growth hormone do to carbohydrate metabolism (in general and specificaly)
Term
-stimulates growth of cartilage and long bones in young & adolescents
-stimulates osteoblasts to make thicker bones
-stimulates somatomedin release from the liver (long lasting growth actions)
Definition
how does GH stimulate bone growth?
Term
liver, GH stimulates its release, does long lasting growth actions
Definition
where is somatomedin released? what causes its release? what does it do?
Term
1) starvation
2) trauma/stress
3) exercise
4) early stages of deep sleep
5) testosterone & estrogen
6) grellin (hunger trigger)
Definition
what stimulates GH release?
Term
1) high blood glucose (like after a big meal)
2) high amount of free fatty acids
3) aging
4) obesity
Definition
when is GH inhibited?
Term
1) strenuous excercise
2) deep sleep (Early stages)
Definition
since GH is a cyclical hormone, where in your daily cycle is GH released triggered?
Term
it detects blood glucose and either releases GHRH or somatostatin (GHIH)

-also stress is conveyed from the amygdala
Definition
how does the hypothalamus regulate GH release?
Term
a reduction in GH release from the AP
Definition
a proportionate reduction in the size of a person's body (dwarfism) can be due to what?
Term
gigantism: increased GH before adolescence
acromegaly: increased GH release after adolsecence
Definition
what causes gigantism? acromegaly?
Term
bones become thicker and cartilage can grow, hands and feet, and membranous bones grow (jaw, nose, cranium)
Definition
what happens in acromegaly?
Term
he's all wrinkly, GH would prevent protein breakdown and thus prevent wrinkles
Definition
even though abe lincoln has a funky jaw, what might support that he doesn't have acromegaly?
Term
1)it decreases fat
2) allows you to recover more quickly
3) allows you to work out harder
4) allows you to maintain strength longer
5) prevents muscle degradation
6) helps prevent wrinkles
7) increase bone density?
Definition
why do athletes like GH?
Term
1) CRH diffuses through portal system
2) ACTH synth'd and released from AP into blood
3) adrenal cortex is stimulated to release cortisol
Definition
describe the path of cortisol release starting with hypothalamus stimulation
Term
in the adrenal cortex
Angiotensin II: zona glomerulosa
ACTH: zona faciculata and reticularis
Definition
what zone of the adrenal glands is mostly affected by Angiotensin II? ACTH?
Term
epi
Definition
which is secreted more by the adrenal medulla, norepi or epi?
Term
it has a similar structure to aldosterone
Definition
why can cortisol act as a mineralocorticoid?
Term
acts on sweat glands, kidneys, and the intestines to help water and Na+ be re-absorbed to help increase MABP
Definition
where does aldosterone act, and how?
Term
1) stimulates gluconeogenesis from AA breakdown
2) conserves glucose by causing a decreased use of glucose by cells
3) reduces protein formation ( increase AA breakdown and decreased transcription/translation)
4) used FA for metabolism to conserve Glucose (fat breakdown for FA mobilization)
Definition
what are the metabolic effects of cortisol?
Term
cortisol, GH
Definition
what hormones cause FA breakdown?
Term
1) stabilizes lysosomal membranes so proteases are less likely to be released
2) decreases capillary permeability to decrease swelling and edma
3) decreases WBC migration and phagocytosis to reduce prostaglandin/leukotriene formation
4) suppresses immune system
5) reduces fever
6) repairs tissue quicker (increases endurance somehow) taken after the immune response cause a quicker recovery
Definition
describe the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol
Term
prednisone is 4x stronger
dexa methasone is 30x stronger
Definition
compare cortisol to prednisone, to dexamethasone
Term
1) arthritis
2) glomerulonephritis
3) allergies
4) anaphylactic shock
5) chronic respiratory disease (prevents lung tissue breakdown)
6) tissue transplantation (decrease rejection)
Definition
what diseases are treated by cortisol/prednisone?
Term
cortisol
Definition
what hormone can cause a buffalo hump because it causes FA mobilization and deposition in weird places?
Term
1) buffalo hump
2) high blood glucose- diabetes like
3) osteomalacia - break down proteins decreases bone density
4) sarcopenia (muscle weakness) from protein breakdown
Definition
what are some of the negative effects of cortisol?
Term
1) stress
2) trauma
3) starvation
4) infection
5) intense heat/cold
6) cyclical (peaks in the morning)
Definition
why is cortisol released?
Term
they can shrivel up and stop making cortisol on their own
Definition
what happens to your cortisol releasing cells from long term cortisol abuse?
Term
Addison's disease
Definition
a type of hypoadrenalism
Term
Cushing's disease
Definition
a type of hyPERadrenalism
Term
Addison's disease
Definition
this disease causes reduced cortisol and reduced aldosterone because of reduced function of the adrenal cortices
Term
low aldosterone: inability to retain salt and water, and thus decreased CO

low cortisol: inability to maintain glucose levels, or maintain metabolism of proteins and fats
which is bad because you cannot maintain your glucose level between meals
Definition
what results form low aldosterone and low cortisol?
Term
Cushing's syndrome
Definition
this disease is caused by hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, usually due to high ACTH from the AP
Term
1) increased cortisol
2) moon face, increased fat deposition in thorax and abdomen (buffalo hump)
3) loss of protein, muscle weakness
Definition
what are the effects of hyperadrenalism?
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