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Painful or difficult abnormal
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Surgical removal or Excision
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| creating a new permanent opening |
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| Surgical repair or reconstruction |
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Surgical puncture to remove fluid
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To break or surgical fracture
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Visual examination with an instrument
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Instrument used for visual examination
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Process of recording or producing an image
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The actual record or image produced
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Instrument used to measure
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| The act or process of measuring |
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| Bursting forth of fluid or heavy bleeding |
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| abnormal condition or increase |
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| hernia, swelling or protrusion |
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| Stopping controlling or standing still |
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| Development nourishment or wasting |
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| Development formation or growth |
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| State of condition or medical Theory |
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| Producing forming or origin |
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| To bear bring forth or give birth |
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| Simulating turning toward or acting upon |
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| Human chronic Gonadotropin |
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| Follicle stimulating hormone |
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| Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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| Adrenocortisotropic hormone |
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| Hormone replacement therapy |
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| Benign prostatic hyperplasia |
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| Polycystic ovary syndrome |
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| Pelvic inflammatory disease |
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| Premenstrual disphoric disorder |
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| Seasonal affective disorder |
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| Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone |
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| Multiple endocrine neoplasia |
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(ENDOCRINE)
aden/o: Gland |
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| Example Adenoma: A benign tumor of an endocrine gland, such as a pituitary adenoma, which can affect hormone production and cause symptoms like vision problems or hormonal imbalances. |
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| adren/o, adrenal/o: Adrenal glands |
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| Example Adrenalectomy: Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands, often performed to treat adrenal tumors or excessive hormone secretion. |
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| Example Hypercalcemia: An elevated level of calcium in the blood, often caused by overactivity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism). |
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| cortic/o: Cortex, outer layer of a body organ |
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| Example Corticosteroids: Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol, which play roles in stress response, immune regulation, and metabolism. |
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| Example Polydipsia: Excessive thirst, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus due to hormonal imbalances affecting water regulation. |
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| Example Endocrinopathy: A disease or disorder affecting the endocrine system, including the glands and hormones that regulate bodily functions. |
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| Example Hyperglycemia: Elevated blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus caused by insufficient insulin production or action. |
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| Example Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body, such as balanced hormone levels to regulate metabolism and growth. |
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| Example Hypokalemia: A condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood, which can result from adrenal dysfunction such as hyperaldosteronism. |
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| Example Myxedema: Severe hypothyroidism characterized by swelling and deposits of mucus-like substances in the skin, often affecting the face and extremities. |
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| Example Hyponatremia: A condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood, which can result from hormonal imbalances such as adrenal insufficiency. |
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| parathyroid/o: Parathyroid gland |
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| Example Parathyroidectomy: Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands, often performed to treat hyperparathyroidism and manage calcium imbalances. |
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| pituitar/o: Pituitary gland |
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| Example Pituitarism: Any disorder of the pituitary gland, such as hypopituitarism, which results in decreased hormone production and widespread endocrine effects. |
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| Example Somatotropin: A growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates body growth and cell reproduction. |
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| thyr/o, thrroid/o: Thyroid gland |
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| Example Thyrotoxicosis: A condition caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and tremors. |
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(REPRODUCTIVE)
andr/o: Male |
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| Example Androgen: A group of male sex hormones, including testosterone, responsible for the development of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. Androgens also play roles in libido, bone density, and reproductive health in both males and females. |
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| arche/o: First, beginning |
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| Example Menarche: The first occurrence of menstruation, marking the onset of reproductive capability in females. |
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| Example Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis, often caused by poor hygiene, infections, or irritants. |
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| Example Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix, often caused by infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. |
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| Example Colposcopy: A visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a specialized magnifying instrument to detect abnormalities. |
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| Example Cryptomenorrhea: A condition where menstrual blood is produced but cannot exit the body due to an obstruction, most commonly an imperforate hymen. It causes pelvic pain without visible menstruation and typically requires a minor surgical procedure to restore normal menstrual flow. |
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| Example Endometriosis: A condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain, heavy periods, and potential infertility. |
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| Example Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. |
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| Example Episiotomy: A surgical incision made in the vulva to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth. |
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| Example The surgical removal of the gonads (testes in males or ovaries in females). This procedure is performed to treat conditions such as gonadal cancer, hormone-sensitive cancers like breast or prostate cancer, or as part of gender-affirming surgeries. |
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| Example Gynecomastia: A condition in males characterized by the enlargement of breast tissue, giving a female-like appearance. It is often caused by hormonal imbalances, medications, or underlying health conditions and can occur during puberty or in adulthood. |
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| Example Hematosalpinx: The presence of blood in the fallopian tube, often associated with ectopic pregnancy or trauma. |
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| Example Hymenotomy: A surgical procedure to remove or open the hymen, often performed to address issues like imperforate hymen. |
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| Example Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus, often performed to treat fibroids, uterine cancer, or severe bleeding. |
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| Example Leukoplakia: The formation of white patches on mucous membranes, such as the vulva in reproductive health. Vulvar leukoplakia can cause discomfort and may sometimes be precancerous, requiring further medical evaluation. |
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| Example Mammogram: An X-ray image of the breast used to screen for abnormalities such as lumps or tumors. |
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| Example Menopause: The cessation of menstruation, marking the end of reproductive capability in women. |
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| Example Metritis: Inflammation of the uterus, often caused by infections following childbirth or miscarriage. |
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| Example Oophorectomy: Surgical removal of one or both ovaries, often performed to treat ovarian cancer or cysts. |
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| orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o: Testis, testicle |
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| Example: Orchiectomy – Surgical removal of one or both testicles, often performed to treat testicular cancer. |
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| pelv/i: Pelvis, pelvic bones, pelvic cavity |
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| Example Pelvimetry: Measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis, often performed during pregnancy to assess the feasibility of vaginal delivery. |
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| Example Phalloplasty: Surgical reconstruction or construction of a penis, often performed in gender-affirming surgeries |
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| Perineoplasty: Surgical repair of the perineum, often performed after childbirth or trauma. |
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| posth/o, preputi/o: Prepuce, foreskin |
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| Example Posthitis: Inflammation of the foreskin, often associated with infections or poor hygiene. |
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| prostat/o: Prostate gland |
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| Example Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can cause pain, urinary problems, and sexual dysfunction. |
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| salping/o: Uterine tube, fallopian tube |
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| Example Salpingectomy: Surgical removal of a fallopian tube, often performed in cases of ectopic pregnancy or severe infections. |
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| Example Scrotoplasty: Surgical repair of the scrotum, often performed for injuries or congenital abnormalities. |
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| Example Sonohysterography: A diagnostic imaging technique using sound waves to evaluate the uterus and detect abnormalities. |
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| sperm/o, spermat/o: Sperm, spermatozoon |
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| Example Spermatorrhea: The involuntary discharge of semen without orgasm, which can result from neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, or infections affecting the male reproductive system. |
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| test/o, testicular/o: Testis, testicle |
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| Example Testicular torsion: A condition where the testicle twists, cutting off its blood supply, and requiring emergency treatment. |
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| Example Trachelectomy: Surgical removal of the cervix, often performed as a fertility-sparing option for early-stage cervical cancer. |
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| Example Urethrocele: Prolapse or herniation of the urethra, often seen in women due to pelvic floor weakness. |
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| Example Vaginismus: Involuntary muscle contractions of the vagina, often causing pain during intercourse or medical exams. |
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| vas/o: Vas deferens, vessel, duct |
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| Example Vasectomy: Surgical cutting and sealing of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching the semen as a form of permanent contraception. |
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| vesicul/o: Seminal vesicle |
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| Example Vesiculitis: Inflammation of the seminal vesicles, which can cause pain and affect fertility. |
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| Example Vulvodynia: Chronic pain or discomfort of the vulva, often with no identifiable cause. |
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