Term
|
Definition
| regulated by hypothalamus GnRH |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperpituitarism can lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the Endocrine System? |
|
Definition
| ovaries, testes; glands: pituitary, adrenal; cells of pancreas; thymus |
|
|
Term
| what does endocrine system do? |
|
Definition
| regulates the body systems, produces hormones and chemicals |
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Term
| What happens when something goes wrong in endocrine system? |
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Definition
| Body reacts adversely like when over- underproduction of hormones, malabsorption |
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|
Term
| What else does endocrine system do? |
|
Definition
| Produces, stores and secrets hormones which affect sexual function, maintains balance through homeostasis, controls metabolism, growth, and fat/muscle balance |
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|
Term
| Where are the endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
Brain-pituitary
Thyroid, Parathyroid neck)
Adrenal,Pancreas (abdominal cavity)
Genitals |
|
|
Term
| where is pancreas and what does it do? |
|
Definition
•Attached to small intestine
•Insulin and Glucagon
•Modulates blood sugar |
|
|
Term
| differences between type I & II diabetes? |
|
Definition
Type 1 the body isn’t producing insulin at all; need inject or pump
Type 2 cells not responding or not enough insulin |
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|
Term
| which is said to be insulin resistant? |
|
Definition
| Diabetes Mellitus Type II |
|
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Term
| if blood sugar too low < 70, what does person need? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| if blood sugar too high, person needs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complications to Diabetes |
|
Definition
1.Diabetic Neuropathy
2.Circulatory pathology
3.Kidney Dysfunction
4.Retinopathy
5.Slow or Delayed Healing |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose needed for ________ to function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of hypoglycemia |
|
Definition
MILD:drowsy-numb-anxious-headache,shaky
MOD:pers change-irritible-slur-confused
SEVERE-pass out/coma/seizure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
frequent! Hunger, Thirst, Urination
•Poor healing wounds
•Dry mouth/skin
•Freq infections
•Weight loss |
|
|
Term
| how can PT help Diabetics? |
|
Definition
Balance training
Orthotics
Muscle strengthening |
|
|
Term
| How many endocrine glands can you name? |
|
Definition
| parathyroid, thyroid, genitals, pituitary, adrenal, testes, ovaries |
|
|
Term
| what do glands of endocrine system do? |
|
Definition
| produce hormones like proteins, steroids, peptides, amino acides/amines |
|
|
Term
| What is considered a normal blood sugar range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 things that hormones can affect? |
|
Definition
| sexual function, balance, fat/muscle balance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Regulated by hypothalamus
Hormones:
•GH (Growth Hormone)
•TSH (metabolism)
•Gonadotropins (affect sex organs)
-Regulate secretion of sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| not enough GH (growth hormone) can result in? |
|
Definition
Dwarfism (congenital)
Frequently due to tumor
Slowed growth |
|
|
Term
| signs of Simmonds, a lack of hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Diabetes Insepidus? |
|
Definition
| body not properly producing, storing or releasing a key hormone. thirst, freq urination |
|
|
Term
| Hyperpituitarism causes what? |
|
Definition
too much of hormone
Gigantism (childhood)
Acromegaly (after growth plate fusion): like Andre the Giant |
|
|
Term
| where is the thyroid and what does it do? |
|
Definition
Regulates metabolic rateTSH
In neck
Thyroxine |
|
|
Term
| what is swelling of thyroid? |
|
Definition
| goiter. can cause change in hormone production |
|
|
Term
| what is term for underactive thyroid? |
|
Definition
Hypothyroid
Congenital = Cretinism
May be autoimmune |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gull’s disease causes total metabolic slow down incl reduced mental alertness & fatigue, swelling, wt gain
• Swelling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyperthyroid, more common women
Grave's disease
incr wt,fatigue,weakness,cramps,
nervous,restless |
|
|
Term
| what does Parathyroid do? |
|
Definition
Regulates calcium and phosphate
too much: fragile bones (primary, secondary, tertiary) |
|
|
Term
| what if parathyroid is not producing enough? |
|
Definition
Too Little:
MUSCLE TETANY
Changes in nerve transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
on top of kidney. Regulates
salt, Adosterone, sex Hormones
Androgens and Estrogen, energy
Epinephrine/norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| what is Addison’s disease? |
|
Definition
Too little cortisol (BP, cardio) & aldosterone
•Hyperpigmentation
•Anorexia
•Fatigue
•Electrolyte imbalance (aldosterone) |
|
|
Term
| what is Cushing’s Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Excess corticosteroids
Hyperglycemia and Lipidemia
“Moon Face”
Impaired Healing!!! |
|
|
Term
Fat:
Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Phospholipids needed for: |
|
Definition
| Cell membranes Energy source Insulator |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol: Fat-like made in liver, only found in animal products needed for: |
|
Definition
| Testosterone and Estrogen, spinal cord and the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| healing; controls blood sugar |
|
|
Term
| Protein/Amino Acids needed for? |
|
Definition
| Building of the cell & Antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrate (simple, complex, dietary/fiber needed for? |
|
Definition
Brain function
Red blood cells
ATP = energy |
|
|
Term
| what is Phenylketonuria (PKU)? |
|
Definition
Autosomal Recessive Disorder
High levels Phenylalinine
•Missing enzyme to convert
Toxic to brain
•Mental deficits
Dietary restrictions
Screened in infancy |
|
|
Term
| what is silent aspiration? |
|
Definition
| BAD person doesn't cough so foreign substances can cause PNUMONIA |
|
|
Term
| GI and correlation to therapy? |
|
Definition
•Swallowing
•GERD
•Feeding Tubes
•Hepatitis
•Colostomy Bag
•The Whipple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forced expiration
gets foreign objects out
protects lungs |
|
|
Term
| who is at risk in regards to swallowing & may need therapy? |
|
Definition
been intubated or on ventilator
neuro patient
Developmentally delayed patient |
|
|
Term
| name 2 Important Issues with Swallowing |
|
Definition
•Frequent coughing?
•Requests for something to drink… |
|
|
Term
| Pay attention to : “Oral Status” |
|
Definition
•NPO
•Nectar Thick Liquids
•Can not have water or typical liquids |
|
|
Term
| Why are straws more difficult for patients with swallowing problems? |
|
Definition
| pulling air and liquid but epiglottis has to flip to keep liquid going to right place |
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|
Term
| name a GI system pathology |
|
Definition
Dysphagia-difficulty swallowing
PT help: through Muscle Re-eduaction |
|
|
Term
| people with GERD should avoid: |
|
Definition
laying down after eating
Full supine sleeping
right side
Too acidic
Use of NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
| what are Ulcers & causes? |
|
Definition
•Too acidic
•Use of NSAIDS
•Helicobacter Pylori – infection of stomach |
|
|
Term
| name tube that carries food & meds to the stomach through the nose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PEG tube (Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy) goes where? |
|
Definition
| through abdominal wall to stomach. watch gait belt |
|
|
Term
| NG suction is also called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NG suction AKA Aspiration
Draining stomach contents via NG tube. Why? |
|
Definition
Prep for surgery
Sample stomach contents |
|
|
Term
| describe the Whipple Procedure |
|
Definition
Remove part of Stomach, intestine (duodenum), Pancreas
Sew what's left of the pancreas and stomach to what's left of the intestine. |
|
|
Term
| what pathology can happen to small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Celiac Disease - gluten intolerance |
|
|
Term
| name Frequent pathology Hx of abdominal surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptom of Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease: |
|
Definition
| Malabsorption = weight loss |
|
|
Term
| name 3 functions of liver |
|
Definition
Detoxification
Produces bile to
digest fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dysfunction of the liver causes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of liver is? |
|
Definition
Hepatitis
•A, B, C viruses
•B is bloodborne |
|
|
Term
| name 3 pathologies of Large Intestine? |
|
Definition
DUI
Diverticulitis
Ulcerative Colitis
IBS |
|
|
Term
| two descriptors of Ulcerative Colitis |
|
Definition
Constantly healing ulcers
Poor fluid control |
|
|
Term
| Diverticulitis - western disease why? |
|
Definition
processed food
high fiber
>pouches of lrg int inflammed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intestine through the abdominal wall
Bypass of the anus and colon
Reversible |
|
|
Term
| name 5 precautions to exhibit with colostomy patients |
|
Definition
1.Never assume PT knows what to do
2.gait belts at armpits instead
3.Empty bag prior to therapy
4.No excessive contraction of abdominals
5.Educate on rolling not sitting straight up |
|
|
Term
| Hyperparathyroidism causes bone _____ by overstimulation of the osteoclasts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients with Cushing’s syndrome may be prone to ______ secondary to osteoporosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main symptoms of Conn Syndrome is _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diabetic neuropathy causes a stocking or glove ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geriatric patients have incr risk of secondary pathology w/diabetes mellitus due to loss of what function: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone functions to control _______ balance within the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in an overproduction of the male sex hormones ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wilson’s disease affects the metabolism of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PKU can be controlled by a low ________ diet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salivary glands in the mouth start the digestion of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle is responsible for ___ (waves of muscle contraction). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _ and weight loss are signs of advanced esophageal cancer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PT may be indicated in PT w/history of mouth cancer to focus on _____ of the muscles of the mouth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crohn’s disease main affects the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IBD may lead to more serious conditions such as ___ from malabsorption of nutrients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The characteristic sign of peritonitis are _____ (fluid buildup within the peritoneum). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cirrhosis of the liver eventually causes a reduction in the size of the liver as a result of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main known cause of primary liver carcinoma is chronic infection with ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tight network of capillaries within the kidney is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A catheter may remain in place after surgery or as a result of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common characteristics of bladder cancer include ___ (blood in the urine). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cystitis is usually the result of an __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nephrosclerosis is commonly seen in those who are ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The risk of pyelonephritis increased with the use of a ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creatinine is a normal by-product of _____________ work. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gallstones can be formed by excessive amounts of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peritonitis is often associated with liver or _____ disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the absorption of nutrients takes place within the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile digests ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A common sign of Wilson’s disease is a greenish gold ring around the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diabetic coma is more common in patients with _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A reduction in insulin causes ________ in a patient with Diabetes Mellitus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol controls BP and ______ functions as well is inhibits the inflammatory response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grave’s disease is characterized by exophthalmos which is ____ of the eyes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypopituitarism causes increase in body ___growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serves as reserve of good bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mastication, saliva breaks down starches, thru pharnyx to stomach via peristalis (smooth muscle cont) |
|
|
Term
| rest of digestion in GI tract |
|
Definition
| stomach aided by hydrochloric acid to sm int where nutrients absorbed & most digestion occurs |
|
|
Term
| 3 - digestion in GI tract continues |
|
Definition
| Sm Int also receives bile from liver via gall bladder to break down fat. |
|
|
Term
| what does pancreas do in digestion? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas secretes insulin & glucogen to control blood sugar. |
|
|
Term
| what is end of digestion process? |
|
Definition
| Lg intestion/colon where water and minerals are absorbed. Fecal matter is stored then expelled thru sphincters |
|
|
Term
| which sphincter is voluntary? |
|
Definition
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