Term
| What hormone is associated with chronic stress? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells produce CRH, and in what region of the hypothalamus are they found? |
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Definition
| parvocellular neuroendocrine cells in the paraventricular nucleus |
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Term
| What portion of the adrenal glands is responsible for regulating mineral imbalances? What is the primary hormone responsible for Na/K balance? |
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Definition
adrenal cortex
aldosterone |
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Term
| What types of steroid hormones are released by the adrenal cortex? (3) |
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Definition
mineralcorticoids
glucocorticoids
adrenal androgens |
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Term
| What types of hormones are released by the adrenal medulla? Give an example of one such hormone |
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Definition
| catecholamines e.g. (nor)epinephrine |
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Term
| What steroid hormone is released by the zona fasiculata? |
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Definition
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Term
| What steroid hormone is released by the zona glomerulosa? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how the anterior pituitary is stimulate to secrete ACTH |
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Definition
-CRH produced by parvocellular neuroendocrine cells
-released at base of brain into blood vessels of hypothalamic portal system
-CRH peptides carried to ant pit, stimulate corticotropes to release ACTH |
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Term
| Is the release of CRH pulsatile or constant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What inhibits the release of CRH |
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Definition
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Term
| What peptides are part of the POMC family? |
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Definition
AMEEM
ACTH
MSH
End (Beta endorphin)
Enk (enkephalin)
MC3,4 & 5 |
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Term
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Definition
enzymes that cleave POMC into different products
different convertases create different peptide products |
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Term
| ____ is the parent hormone of ACTH |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of adrenal hormones are NOT controlled by ACTH |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans & rodents have a similar pathway for glucocorticoid production, with different end products?. Where does this pathway diverge to produce two different products |
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Definition
Progesterone is converted to 17-hydroxyprogesterone, to deoxycortisol, to cortisol (humans)
Progesterone is converted to deoxycorticosterone, to corticosterone (mice) |
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Term
| Why is cortisol essential for life? (3) |
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Definition
-prevents hypoglycemia
-promotes gluconeogenesis
(both ways to regulate blood sugar)
-regulates the inflammatory response |
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Term
| What are the detrimental effects (in general) of excess cortisol in the body? |
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Definition
-immunosuppression
-bone catalysis
-breakdown of skeletal muscle (for gluconeogenesis)
-negative effects on mood/learning/memory |
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Term
| If ACTH levels are low, but cortisol levels are elevated, does the patient have cushings syndrome or cushings disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a patient has hyperglycemia, apparent weight gain, poor memory, muscle weakness etc what disease do they likely have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would you treat cushing's syndrome? |
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Definition
-surgery to remove pituitary or adrenal gland
-medical management of symptoms (diabetes is common) |
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Term
| If not managed, Cushing's syndrome can lead to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do cortisol levels increase or decrease at night? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is addison's disease? What causes it? |
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Definition
primary hypocortisolism
Insufficient production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. Can be due to damage, genetics etc. |
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Term
| What disease is likely to develop if high dose steroids are administered for more than one week? Why? |
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Definition
hypocortisolism
CRH and ACTH production will be suppressed, which reduces cortisol production by the adrenal glands |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperplasia & hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pars intermedia of the pituitary causes increased ACTH = increase cortisol production |
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Term
| What is the effect of PPID? |
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Definition
| elevated cortisol levels = high blood sugar, immunosuppression |
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Term
| What can be done to treat PPID? What can be done to manage the symptoms? |
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Definition
administer pergolide, which reduces ACTH production by the anterior pituitary
regular exercise to promote weight loss, reduce sugar intake |
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