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Endo - Quiz 3
Everything from Dr. Eden's slides from series 3 (slide 41) to random slide #90.
109
Physiology
Graduate
02/26/2014

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Term
What are the hormones produced by the Anterior Pituitary?
Definition
GH
PRL
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
MSH
B-LPH
Term
Do only glycoproteins, or only proteins come from the anterior pituitary gland?
Definition
Trick question, it's both.
Term
Comparing anterior pituitary hormones with hypothalamus hormones, which has the longer half-life?
Definition
Anterior pituitary hormones (proteins/glycoproteins)
Term
What are the names of the cells in the anterior pituitary that make protein/glycoprotein hormones?
Definition
Thyrotrope,
Gonadotrope,
Corticotrope,
Melanotrope,
Somatotrope,
Mammotrope
Term
What is secreted from the anterior pituitary's thyrotrope cells?
Definition
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Term
What regulates Thyrotrope cells release of TSH?
Definition
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Term
What neuroendocrine gland produces a hormone that acts on Thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What is secreted by Gonadotrope cells (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)?
Definition
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Lutenizing Hormone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
(Basophilic-regulated by hypothalamic
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
Term
What is produced by a Corticotrope (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)?
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(basophilic and chromophobic- regulated by hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone)
Term
What is produced by a Melanotrope(what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)?
Definition
alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(basophilic cell- regulated by hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone)
Term
What is produced by a Somatotrope (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what hypothalamic hormone regulates it)?
Definition
Somatotropin aka Growth Hormone (acidophilic cell- upregulated by hypothalamic Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone aka somatocrinin, and downregulated by Growth Hormone-inhibiting hormone aka somatostatin.
Term
What is produced by the Mammotrope (what type of A.P. cell is it, and what regulates it)?
Definition
Prolactin. (acidophil- regulated by hypothalamic Galanin and pituitary Galanin)
Term
How many amino acids in GH?
Definition
191
Term
How many amino acids in PRL
Definition
199
Term
How many amino acids in TSH
Definition
211
Term
How many amino acids in FSH?
Definition
210
Term
How many amino acids in LH?
Definition
204
Term
How many amino acids in ACTH?
Definition
39
Term
How many amino acids in MSH?
Definition
13/22
Term
How many amino acids in B-LPH?
Definition
91
Term
Is beta-lipotropin required for some other hormones to work- Yes/no?
Definition
Yes
Term
What does Growth Hormone act as?
Definition
"An anabolic on body tissues"
Term
How does GH interact with cells?
Definition
Interacting with a specific receptor on the surface of cells
Term
How does GH increase height during childhood? What are a bunch of random facts about GH mechanism/pathway?
Definition
GH- not fat-soluble - cannot penetrate the sarcolemma.

Uses the MAPK/ERK pathway - activates genes to express protein / induce cell division

DIRECTLY STIMULATES DIVISION AND MULTIPLICATION OF CHONDROCYTES

...

Also uses JAK-STAT signaling pathway:
-production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1 aka somatomedin C) a hormone homologous to proinsulin (IGF-2 aka somatomedin A).
Term
What are some more random facts about Growth Hormone poorly organized?
Definition
1. Increases calcium retention, and strengthens and increases the mineralization of bone.
2. Increases muscle mass through sarcomere hyperplasia (increase in number of muscle cells)
3. Promotes lipolysis
4. Increases protein synthesis
5. Stimulates the growth of all internal organs (excluding the brain): Because evolution, it's encapsulated in a boney skull.
6. Plays a role in homeostasis
7. Reduces liver uptake of glucose
8. Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver
9. Contributes to the maintenance and function of pancreatic islets (# of cells that produce glucagon and insulin, amylin and somatostatin which inhibit growth hormone, makes negative feedback loop)
10. Stimulates the immune system
Term
How many separate actions does Prolactin, a lactotropic hormone, have?
Definition
300
Term
Does Prolactin act via endo crine, autocrine, or paracrine means?
Definition
Trick question! it acts via all three. Uses PRL receptors and a large number of cytokine receptors.
Term
What effect does prolactin have in birds? Please list in a seemingly random and vague manner.
Definition
an "anti-gonadal effect" (causes cessation of egg production, and induction of "broodiness")

ALSO

Induces hypertrophy of pigeon crop sac and
crop milk production,
development of the brood patch in broody hens,
induction of lipogenesis,
involvement in acute stress responses,
modulates the immune system,
osmoregulation effects, and
regulates feed intake in photostimulated turkeys
Term
How does prolactin affect mammary growth and lactogenesis? (What hormones does it interact with?)
Definition
Interaction with:
Estrogens,
Insulin,
Glucocorticoids,
Progesterone, and
Growth Hormone
Term
During pregnancy, what percentage of the pituitary acidophil population is comprised of prolactin-producing cells?
Definition
50%
Term
Prolactin is secreted episodically in what type of chronological pattern?
Definition
Circadian
Term
Is Prolactin concentration higher in males or females in vertebrate species?
Definition
Females
Term
How do progesterone and prolactin circadian rythms differ?
Definition
Progesterone is secreted in even spurts, while prolactin's spurts increase in magnitude during sleep.
Term
In male dogs, what type of rhythm of secretion is also involved?
Definition
Circannual
Term
Broody Female birds have higher or lower prolactin concentration in their blood?
Definition
Higher
Term
How would you describe the pulsitile secretion of Prolactin in males?
Definition
A "steady state pulsitile secretion"
Term
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: what does it do?
Definition
It stimulates the Thyroid to secrete the T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine).
Term
What other than Thyroid Stimulating Hormone can induce an increase in serum free T3 and T4?
Definition
Growth Hormone
Term
What controls TSH production?
What produces the TSH - controlling hormone?
Definition
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH).
The hypothalamus.
Term
What is produced by the hypothalamus, and has a down-regulating effect on TSH production?
Definition
Somatostatin
Term
Where is most of AVIAN TRH found?
Definition
The median eminence.
Term
How much MORE TRH is found in the median eminence in birds than in the hypothalamus?
Definition
2500x more
Term
TSH Secretion is affected by which other hypothalamic hormones?
Definition
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Term
The level of blood T3 and T4 has an effect on which endocrine gland?
Definition
The pituitary (release of TSH)(negative feedback loop)
Term
What avian endocrine control axis is similar to that of mammals?
Definition
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis. (it's not interrupted by the presence of 2500x greater TRH concentration in the median eminence than in the hypothalamus)
Term
What # peptide is TRH? And, how is it different in birds and mammals?
Definition
It is a tripeptide. And, trick question! they are identical.
Term
What is the end effect of Thyroid hormones binding to TR(thyroid receptor) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) in target genes?
Definition
Gene expression is altered
Term
What type of receptor is Retinoid X Receptor?
Definition
It's a nuclear receptor
Term
How is TSH different in Birds and mammals?
Definition
The beta-chain, but heterologous TSHs stimulate thyroid function in birds
Term
The autoregulatroy phenomena whereby the organification of iodide by the thyroid gland is inhibited by elevated levels of iodide is referred to as what?
Definition
The "Wolff-Chaikoff effect"
Term
How does high temperature affect TSH production by the ant. pit.?
Definition
Decreases TSH production
Term
How does a low temperature effect TSH production by the ant. pit.?
Definition
Increases TSH production
Term
Why is temperature involved in TSH regulation?
Definition
T3 and T4 are involved in elevated energy metabolism, resulting in body heat production, which feeds back to reduce TSH production
Term
What type of receptor is the TSH receptor (in thyroid cells)?
Definition
T'is a G-Protein coupled receptor
Term
What environmental factors indirectly cause an increase in T4? (through increase in TRH, and then TSH)
Definition
Starvation and cold
Term
What effect does Ghrelin (from the CNS) have on TSH output?
Definition
It decreases TSH output
Term
What hormone is an important component of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Term
ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary in response to what environmental factor?
Definition
Biological stressors
Term
ACTH is produced from the anterior pituitary in response to what hypothalamic hormone?
Definition
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Term
On what target endocrine gland does ACTH work?
Definition
Adrenal Cortex (to produce corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids)
Term
What comes before POMC
Definition
pre-POMC
Term
What 11 hormones come from splitting up Proopiomelanocortin?
Definition
1. NPP (N-terminal peptide of POMC- aka Pro-gamma-MSH)
2. Melanotropin Gamma (aka-y-MSH)
3. Potential Peptide
4. Corticotropin (aka Adrenocorticotropic Hormone aka ACTH)
5. Melanotropin Alpha (aka a-MSH)
6. Corticotropin-like Intermediate Peptide (CLIP)
7. Lipotropin Beta (aka B-LPH)
8. Lipotropin Gamma (aka y-LPH)
9. Melanotropin Beta (aka B-MSH)
10. Beta-Endorphin
11. Met-Enkephalin
Term
Of the 11 hormones that come from POMC, which are considered endogenous opioids?
Definition
Beta-Endorphin

Met-Enkephalin
Term
From where/what cell type are POMC, ACTH and B-LPH secreted? and in response to what?
Definition
Anterior pituitary. Corticotropes. and in response to corticotropin (CRH) released by the hypothalamus.
Term
ACTH consists of 39 amino acids, but the first 13 can be cleaved off to produce what hormone?
Definition
alpha-MSH
Term
What hormone from the target endocrine gland (adrenal cortex) downregulates (inhibits) hypothalamic CRH secretion? and, is this a fast or slow loop (and how long is the time frame of such)? and, is it a long loop or short loop?
Definition
Glucocorticoids.
Fast feedback. Works on the order of minutes.
Long loop.
Term
How do Glucocorticoids downregulate POMC production?
Definition
They inhibit the rates of POMC gene transcription and peptide synthesis
Term
When an end result hormone, like glucocorticoids, regulates the initial hormone, like POMC, by affecting transcription and translation. Is this a fast or a slow feedback loop? And how fast does it work?
Definition
Slow feedback loop. It works on the order of hours to days.
Term
To which rhythm is ACTH related?
Definition
Circadian Rhythm
Term
How do the half-lives of ACTH differ between human and avian species?
Definition
Human ACTH Half-life=10 minutes
Avian ACTH Half-life=10-15 minutes
Term
In which adrenocortical cell surface MINERALOCORTICOIDS produced?
Definition
Zona Glomerulosa
Term
In which adrenocortical cell surface Glucocorticoids produced?
Definition
Zona Fasiculata
Term
In which adrenocortical cell surface gonadal steroids produced?
Definition
Zona Reticularis
Term
In which adrenocortical cell surface corticosteroids produced?
Definition
Zona Reticularis
Term
After ACTH binds to its receptor, the receptor undergoes a conformational change, indirectly stimulates adenylate cyclase, leading to intracellular cAMP, and activation of Protein Kinase A, eventually leading to what?
Definition
Steroidogenesis
Term
Zona Glomerulosa is which zone of the cortex?
Definition
The thinner, outermost layer beneath the capsule.
Term
Zona Fasiculata is which zone of the cortex?
Definition
The thick, middle layer between zg and zr.
Term
Zona reticularis is which zone of the cortex?
Definition
Thin, innermost layer of adrenal cortex. closest to the adrenal medulla
Term
How does ACTH influence steroidogenesis?
Definition
1. Stimulating lipoprotein uptake into cortical cells - increases bioavailability of cholesterol in adrenal cortical cells

2. Increases cholesterol transport into mitochondria and activation of its hydrolysis

3. Stimulating cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, which is the rate limiting step in steroidogenesis
Term
What is the order of steroidogenesis found in the mitochondria of adrenal cortex cells? (starting from Acetyl-CoA, going to Adrenal and Gonadal Steroids)
Definition
Acetyl-CoA > Mevalonic Acid > Squalene > Lanosterol > Cholesterol > Pregnenolone > Progesterone > Adrenal and Gonadal Steroids
Term
What are the endogenous opioids?
Definition
Alpha-endorphin
Beta-endorphin
Gamma-endorphin
[Leu]enkephalin
[Met]enkephalin
Term
B-LPH (Beta-Lipotropin) is produced by cleavage of WHAT in the anterior pituitary?
Definition
proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
Term
What major endocrine hormone, other than B-LPH, does POMC produce?
Definition
ACTH
Term
B-LPH is which terminal end of POMC? and how many Amino Acids long is it?
Definition
Carboxy-terminal end. And, 90 AA long.
Term
What are the cleavage products of B-LPH
Definition
alpha-MSH
beta-MSH
gamma-LPH
Term
Which lobe of the pituitary gland produces alpha-MSH?
Definition
the intermediate lobe
Term
What does gamma-LPH do?
Definition
Promotes fat mobilization and skin darkening by stimulation of MELANOCYTES... and is a precursor of the endorphins
Term
In amphibians, what is alpha-MSH called? What does it do?
Definition
Melanophore-stimulating hormone (causes skin changes due to activity of "Chromatophores" (Melanophores-darken, guanophores- blue/green, lipophores-yellows)
Term
gamma-MSH: What does it do?
Definition
Stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis.
cardiovascular/renal regulation.
Promote sodium excretion (natriuresis)
Term
What do Endorphins/endogenous opioids do? What glands produces them?
Definition
Produce feelings of comfort, ease, and have analgesic effects.

The pituitary gland produces them along with the hypothalamus.
Term
Beta-endorphins come from where and go to where
Definition
Pituitary gland-releases into bloodstream
Hypothalamus- releases into brain and spinal cord.
Term
WHy is Beta-endorphin released into the brain and blood separately?
Definition
Because this hormone cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
Term
What is an alternative name for [Met]enkephalin?
Definition
Opioid Growth Factor (OGF)
Term
Where is metenkephalin mainly found?
Definition
In the adrenal medulla and throughout the Central Nervous System.
Term
How many amino acids long is Proopiomelanocortin?
Definition
267 AA long!
Term
Glucocorticoids suppress ACTH release by inhibiting synthesis of what?
Definition
The POMC messenger RNA
Term
What type of neurons produce POMC?
Definition
Hypothalamic Neurons
Term
Is the POMC gene expressed in the anterior or the intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland.
Definition
Trick question! POMC is expressed in both the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland.
Term
POMC Polypeptide precursor has how many potential cleavage sites?
Definition
eight (8)
Term
Which amino acids are most prevalent at the cleavage sites?
Definition
Arg-Lys
Lys-Arg
Lys-Lys
Term
What are the peptide products of POMC cleavage?
Definition
Metenkephalin
Leuenkephalin
Term
What are the NNP products of POMC cleavage?
Definition
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone aka gamma-MSH aka melanotropin
Term
What are the "Potential Peptide" products of POMC cleavage?
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Melanotropin alpha (aka alpha-MSH)
Term
What are the Corticotropin-like Intermediate products of POMC cleavage?
Definition
Lipotropin Beta
Lipotropin gamma
Melocyte Stimulating Hormone (aka beta-MSH)
Beta-Endorphin
Term
WHich Disease causes an increased level of ACTH?
Definition
Hypocortisolism (Addison's Disease)
due to elevated cortisol
OR

Adrenoleukodystrophy

OR

Ectopic Tumor around pituitary (Cushing's disease)
Term
WHat diseases can cause lower than normal ACTH values?
Definition
pituitary deficiency
Cushing's Syndrome
Adrenal tumor
Term
Expression of POMC mRNA in the chicken has been detected in which tissues?
Definition
Brain
Pituitary
Heart
Lung
Gizzard
Pancreas
Spleen
Bursa of Fabricius
Skeletal Muscle
Adrenal Gland
Gonads
Kidney
Uropygial Gland
Adipose Tissue
Skin
Eye
Term
alpha-MSH is made in which lobe of the pituitary (due to cleavage of POMC)?
Definition
The intermediate lobe in amphibians and mammals, peripheral and central tissues.
Term
Where in birds is alpha-MSH present?
Definition
in the anterior pituitary gland.
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