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| Abbreviation of the Latin Anno Domini, meaning "in the year of the Lord." Designates the identical calendar year as the same date noted with the abbreviation CE. |
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| honor that could be won or lost depending on one's behavior |
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| the Macedonian King who conquered the Mediterranean world in 333-323 BCE and played a major role in disseminating Greek culture throughout teh entire area |
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| A prophet from Tekoa in Judeh who journeyed north to Israel about 760 BC to condemn the way the wealthy abused the poor. He sharply criticized social injustice and sarcastically denounced the way wealthy Israelites were scrupulous in their religious practices but unscrupulous in their treatment of others |
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| A collection of written texts. The Bible is an anthology of documents, including works of poetry, history, short stories, proverbial saying, prophetic oracles, apocalypses and so forth |
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| A collection of texts that Catholics call Deuterocanon, which includes a variety of textss ranging from historical works such as 1 Maccasbees to poetic wisdom books such as Sirach and Wisdom. Apocrypha means "hidden things". |
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| laws stated as categorical imperatives: Do this! Do not do that! The best known examples of apodictic laws are the Ten Commandments |
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| The script that many exiled Judean people adopted during their sixth-century BCE exile in Babylon. Use of Aramaic was widespread in the Ancient Near East from about 700-320 BCE. |
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| honor inherited from parents |
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| Abbreviation meaning "before Christ." Designates the identical calendar year as the same date noted with the abbreviation BCE. |
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| Abbreviation meaing "Before Common Era." Designates the same yar as the equivalent number followed by B.C. |
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| Biblical word for "lord" that also means "husband". |
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| the exile of the people of Judah in Babylon after invaders fromthe East conquered Assyria and Judah (southern Kingdom) beginning with the surrender of Jerusalem in 597 BCE and teh destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. Jeremiah is the leading prophet who remains behind in Judah and encourages the exiles to "seek the welfare of the city in which they findthemselves." In exile, Jewish teachers began to focus intently on the Mosaic Laws, which came to have a much more profound effect on the people than when they lived in Judea. |
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| Art of negotiating a price for something, or agreeing upon an exchange of goods or services that is acceptable to both people involved in the transaction. The seller wants to gain as much as possible; the buyer wants to pay as little as possible. |
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| Nomadic peoples of the Middle East who primarily dwell in temporary shelters such as tents and travel with their flocks to different regions during different seasons of the year. Today Bedouin are primarily Arabs, and their nomadic existence is threatened by the boundaries and regulations imposed by modern city-states. The title Bedouin comes from an Arabic word meaning "desert dweller". |
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| The town near Jerusalem in the hill country of Judah in which the Gospels of Matthew and Luke state that Jesus was born. |
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| A formal contract agreed upon by two families concerning details of the future marriage of their children--breakable only by divorce. After the agreement is reached, the son of the one family and the daughter of the other family are betrothed to each other. They are considered to belong to each other, even though they do not yet live together as man and wife. |
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| A binding, legal contract between the families of a man and the woman whom he purchased by payment of a bride price. Once betrothed, they were considered married by people in their village, although they were not yet living together as man and wife. Breaking a bertothal agreement involved divorce proceedings and would be done only under extreme circumstances. |
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| The word comes from the Greek word biblia, which means "book." For Jewish people Bible consists of the Law, Prophets and Writings--the equivalent of what Christians call the Old Testament. For Christians the Bible consists of both the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) and the New Testament. |
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| Jewish title for the scroll containing the twelve minor prophets: Hosea, Joel, AMos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi |
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| A negotiated and agreed-upon sum of money or goods paid by a man's family to purchase his bride from another family. |
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| Price paid by a man's family to procure a wife for him. His parents negotiated the cost with the girl's parents. |
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Asked: why form a canon?
1) sectarian groups were starting to form who where developing "own important books"
2) Fear of turning over the sacred books during periods of persecution |
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| Abbreviation for "Common Era." Designates the identical year as the same date followed by the abbreviation A.D. |
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| Roman Emperor from 31 BCE-14 CE. Nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar |
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| Ancient name of the land now called Israel. This title was used because the land primarily inhabited by Canaanites. |
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Definition
Kanon (Greek) actually means "reed" that was used to measure (measuring stick);
Canon became known as a list, collection of books or standard to "measure" rules |
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Definition
| laws that use the following from: If/when__ circumstances happens, then__ consequence that follow |
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| A mountainous area eat of the Shephelah. Jerusalem, the capital of a united Israel under the famous kings David and Solomon, is located in this central mountainous region. |
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| An important narrative component in which characters decide which courses of action to take in response to circumstances in the story. Choices often focus on decisions made by the main character in response to a test or adversity. |
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Definition
| Cities functioned as economic hubs for the villages surrounding them, with administrators who collected taxes in the form of crops. Larger than villages, cities had fortification walls and were constructed primarily for the urban elite. Administratice buildings and other structures for use by the ruling families tended to dominate cities |
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| Level plain area of western Irael, adjoining the Mediterranean Sea. Ancient home of the Philistines and an important avenus for armies invading both from the north and the south. This land is flatter and less rocky than the interior of Isreal. |
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| Results of actions taken by characters in a narrative--revealing cause-and-effect relationships between events. |
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| The language, societal norms, religious beliefs, etc., that were understood or assumed by biblical authors and their ancient audiences. Historical reconstructions of such cultural details are based largely on examination of written texts and archaeological remains of ancient civilizations. Taken as a whole, they provide valuable background information for interpreting biblical texts |
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| Persian King who conquered the Babylonian empire and in 539 BCE allowed exiled Judeans to return to Judah to rebuild their temple |
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| Reading verses of Scripture without attempting to understand their meanings in their narrative contexts. |
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| Body of water fed by the Jordan River but containing no outlet. As its water evaporates, the minerals become increasingly concentrated in the Dead Sea. |
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| the lesser deity whom Plato and other Greek philosophers believed was responsible for creating the physical universe |
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| Catholic designation for the same books that Protestants call the Apocrypha. This title comes from the Greek word deutero, which means "second," and canon. It means that these books were later added to the canon. Thus, texts like the Wisdom of Solomon and 1-2 Maccabees are included as part of the canon of Scripture in Catholic Bibles. |
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| the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible, whose English title comes from the Septuagint. In Greek, deutero means "second" and nomos means "law." Thus Deuteronomy means "Second Law." |
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Definition
| In Israelite societies divorce was the prerogatve of the husband, who could choose whether or not to stay married to his wife. If he decided to divorce her, he needed several witnesses to sign a certificate of divorce, which he would give to his wife and send her away. |
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Definition
| A narrative technique in which readers are provided with knowledge that characters in the story do not possess. Readers therefor understand the implications of actions that story characters cannot know. |
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Definition
| One of Israel's two seasons, lasting from approximately May to September, in which no rain falls |
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Definition
| An approach to translation in which translators attempt to provide meaning-for-meanings (or thought-for-thought) renditions of biblical texts. Instead of trying to reproduce in English a biblical author's writing style and literal wording, the translators give their perceptions of what textts mean. |
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Definition
| precipitation coming in November that softens the sun-hardened soil and allows farmers to plow the ground and plant their seeds. |
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Term
| Eastern Highlands (or Transjordan Plateau) |
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| The plateau east of the Jordan River valley. Land of Gilead and Moab (in modern day Jordan). This higher plateau provides fairly good pasture land for sheeps and goats. |
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| a word commonly used in some anciet Near Eastern texts to describe prophets |
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| Marriage to someone within one's social/clan group |
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| Hebrew title meaning "Land of Israel." Jews oftern simply call Israel Ha Eretz ("the Land"). |
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| A characteristic of biblical stories in which the characters or their circumstances are exaggeratedly good or bad. In ancient Near Eastern literature, exaggeration signals symbolism that should not be taken as precise historical fact. |
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| Marriage to someone outside of one's social/clan group |
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| Prophet who prophesied from 592 to around 571 BCE to the Judeans living in exile in Babylon. he pronounced judgement on those who remained in Judah, but he reassured the exiles that God had not forgotten them-that there would be a glorious future for God's people in the land of Israel. |
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| Group of houses occupied by members of an extended family (including the father/grandfather, his wife, his sons and their wives with their sons and unmarried daughters, and perhaps uncles, aunts, orphans, and widows--and in wealthier families also the hired servants and/or slaves). Built around a central open area (courtyard) where family members gatherd to do their various tasks. |
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| Jewish title for the historical works contained in the second division of the Hebrew Bible, the Prophets. these books include Joshua, Judges, 1-2 Samuel and 1-2 Kings. Jewish scholars attributed the authorship of these books to various prophets. |
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Definition
| The collection of documents, written primarily in Hebrew, consisting of books from Genesis through Malachi. The Hebrew Bible consists of three sections:the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings. |
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Definition
Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) ruled during this time can conquered the Persian Empire in a series of battles between 332-323 BCE. 2 major policies of Alexander the Great are:
1) establish Greek cities ate key points to spread hellenistic culture (one outcome: the language of the NT)
2) openniess and tolerance for native cultures |
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Term
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Definition
Appointed King of Judea by Roman Senate in 40 BCE. He restored the temple of Jerusalem, built a port city and aquaduct at Caesarea, and provided stability throughout Judea.
Moral Chaos: married, loved, murdered Mariamne (his wife) and several of his own children in an attempt to protect his power. also ordered death of first born. |
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Definition
| A water tunnel in Jerusalem, 1,748 feet (533 meters) in length (dug ca 700 BCE), that provides a conduit for water from the Gihon Spring to the Pool of Siloam |
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Definition
| The most important virtue for Israelite people, prized over wealth. Honor was a public acknowledgement of a person's standing in society--something inherited from one's parents, but something that could also be won or lost depending on one's behavior. |
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Definition
| Provision of food, lodging and protection to travelers. |
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| Title given to an Israelite family compound--a reference to the oldest, ruling male of the clan. |
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| The original location in the ground where an artifact is discovered. |
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| A prevalent mistranslation of the Greek term kataluma in Luke 2:7. Kataluma is normally translated into "guest room". For example, see Luke 22:11, where Jesus says, "Where is the guest room (kataluma), where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?" The Greek word for a "commercial inn" is pandocheion (the word used for "inn" in Luke 10:34 in the parable of the Good Samaritan) |
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Definition
| Jerusalem prophet who prophesised from 742 to about 701 BCE, warning the people of Judah that God was sending the Assyrians as judgement for their sins and for their turning away from God. he preached that God would preserve a remnant of faithful Judeans who would return to the land. Most of Isaiah 1-39 consists of material from the time of this influential eight-century prophet. |
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Definition
| Prophet who prophesied in Jerusalem beginning about 627 and died in Egypt some time after 587 BCE. he warned Judah the God would destroy them by the Babylonians if they didnot repent and turn back to God. Jeremiah is known as the weeping prophet-a man of deep emotions. he predicted that Judean exiles would return to the land, but he told those in exile to settle in to their new homes, because they would be in Babylon for 70 years. |
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Definition
(a.k.a Sirach)
A Jewish wisdom teacher, writing about 180 BCE, who identified the divine wisdom personified in Proverbs 8:22-31 with the laws of Moses. By connecting wisdom with the laws of Moses, Ben Sira paved the way for the belief that the laws of Moses predate the creation of the world |
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Definition
| River in eastern Irael that flows from the Sea of Galilee/Lake Kinneret south to the Dead Sea/Salt Sea. In Hebrew, Jordan means "Descender." It descends significantly in elevation from Lake Kinneret to the Salt Sea. |
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| Jewish religion that was more a religion of practice than of doctrine (beliefs). A jew was usually identified by what they did (circumcision, sabbath observance, etc). Believed in monotheism, daily recited teh Shema, believed Israel to be of a Chosen and Separate People |
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Definition
| One who defends and provides for a needy relative |
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Definition
| Designation for foods that are considered appropriate for Jewish people to eat. from the Hebrew word meaning "proper" |
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Definition
| Precipitation coming in February that provides moisture necessary for the crops to mature for harvest. |
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Definition
| Jewish title for the collection of prophetic books in the second division of the Hebrew bible, the Prophets. these texts include the Major Prophets (isaiah, jeremiah, ezekiel) and the minor prophets (hosea, joel, amos, obadiah, jonah, micah, nahum, hahakkuk, zephaniah, haggai, zechariah, malachi) |
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Definition
| First five books of the Hebrew Bible, which are central to Jewish faith and identity. |
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Definition
| collection of laws written in Babylon about 1770 BCE |
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Definition
| A collection of 282 laws carved in cuneiform script on an eight-foot-high, black basalt stele that originally stood in the temple of Marduk in Babylon. the top of the stele depicts Hammurabi receiving the laws from Shamash, the sun god and patron of law and justice |
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Definition
| laws posted by a Sumerian king about 1930 BCE |
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Definition
| A custom in which a surviving brother took his dead brother's widow as a wife in order to have children for his dead brother. "Levirate" comes from the Latin levir, which means "husband's brother." |
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Definition
| The attempt to reproduce literal translations--word-for-word equivalence from Hebrew and Greek to English |
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Term
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Definition
| A translation in which the translator seeks to provide a word-for-word rendering of the Hebrew or Greek text into another language. |
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Definition
| the longer prophetic works in the Latter Prophets in the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel |
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Definition
Early Canon
around 2nd century Rome and was the first to develop a canon which included: 10 Pauline letters and a shortened version of Luke. only had these in because he (Marcion) rejected the God of the OT |
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Definition
| The title comes from the Hebrew Masorah, which means "tradition." Jewish scholars known as the Masoretes (the transmitters of tradition) carefully copied manuscripts of the Hebrew Scriptures, and modern versions of the Hebrew Bible are based on the Masoretic textual tradition. They accomplished their work largely from the fifth through the tenth century of the Common Era. |
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Definition
| a small box containing laws of Moses the Jewish people fasten to their door frames and on the gates in front of their houses |
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Definition
| The shorter prophetic works in the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. these documents are gathered into one scroll and called the Book of Twelve. |
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Definition
| belief in "one God"-"there are no other Gods before me" |
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Definition
| Commonly used building material made by mixing clay with water and adding straw as a binder. The mud solution was poured into wooden molds to form bricks, which were placed in the hot sunshine to dray and harden. |
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Definition
| was discovered in 1740 by Ludovico Muratori. End of 2nd century Rome. Contains 22 of the 27 books in NT. |
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Definition
| Events in a story that follow one another in a cause-and-effect manner--they are not random or disconnected but build on each other to communicate the author's point. |
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Definition
| According to Luke's Gospel, Joseph and Mary, Jesus' parents, lived in Nazareth, a town located in Galilee (northern Irael) |
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Definition
| The arid region in the southern part of Israel. Negev means "dry" in Hebrew. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second testament of the Christian Bible, consisting of the 27 books from Matthew to Revelation. |
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Term
| Northern kingdom of Israel |
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Definition
| Kingdom first ruled by Jeroboam I, when the northern tribes of Israel seceded from the rule of Solomon's son Rehoboam. Samaria was the capital city. According to 1-2 Kings, Israel had an unstable monarchy, with various bloody coups resulting in changes of rulers. Destroyed by Assyria in the 8th century BCE. |
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Term
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Definition
| The collection of documents which consists of the texts from Genesis through Malachi (46 books for Catholics and 39 for Protestants). The Protestant Old Testament is the same anthology of books found in the Hebrew Bible. The Catholic Old Testament also contains additional books called the Deuterocanon or Apocrypha. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signs that are interpreted to yield divine guidance. in the ancient Near East omens were believed to come not only in dreams and visions but also through the position of stars, the casting of lots, the configuration of flights of birds, how smoke rises from incense, signs in the livers of sacrificial animals, the way in which oil floats on water, and a number of other methods. similar methods of interpreting omens today include horoscopes and reading tea leaves or lines on the palms of a person's hands. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to translation in which translators attempt to communicate the meanings of biblical passages in modern vernacular in order to make the texts more lively and understandable. They seek to transfer the messages of biblical texts from their ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean contexts to modern expressions that fit the reader's cultural context. |
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Definition
| A system whereby wealthy people provide assistance to poor clients in return for services and public acclaim of the patron's generosity. |
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Term
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Definition
| wealthy provide assistance to poor clients in return for services and public acclaim of the patron's generosity |
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Definition
| Poor people who comprised close to 95% of the population of ancient Israel. They lived at a subsistence level, quite vulnerable to drought and other conditions that limited their ability to harvest and store enough food to survive. |
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Definition
| The first five books of the Bible:Genesis-Deuteronomy |
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Definition
| People from the Aegean region who conquered and inhabited the coastal plain of Canaan in the 12th century BCE. They remained a powerful force that threatened Israelite sovereignty for centuries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A narrative technique in which characters in a story get what they deserve--good people are rewarded and bad people are punished. |
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Term
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Definition
| the English word that comes fromthe Greek prophetes, which is commonly used in the Septuagint to translate the Hebrew word nabi. A prophet is a messenger of God, one who is entrusted with a message from God that is addressed to a specific group of people in a particular historical context |
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Term
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Definition
| the ecstatic state in which a person receives a divine message to be delievered to others. prophets sometimes used music to induce this trance-like state |
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Term
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Definition
| The second section of the Hebrew Bible, which contains historical works, such as 1-2 Samuel, long prophetic works, including Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel, and shorter prophetic works, the Book of the Twelve (the twelve minor prophets are grouped together as one). |
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Term
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Definition
| The central character in a story |
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Term
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Definition
| A second-century document written in large part to glorify Mary, the mother of Jesus |
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Term
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Definition
| "Pseudo" means "false," and "epigraph" is a writing--hence, the title means "falsely ascibed writings" (attributed to someone who did not write them). Documents in this collection of texts were written long after the death of the people to whom they are attributed (for example, Moses and Ezra). |
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Term
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Definition
| One of Israel's two seasons, lasting from appoximately October to April. During this time the early and later rains fall. |
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Term
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Definition
| An important narrative technique in which characters resolve conflicts with other people, with natural elements, with their own mental struggles, or with spiritual concerns. Plot lines are typically built around resolution of conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| the return from exile to Jerusalem began under the Persian King, Cyrus, who held a more lenient policy about foreign subjects. the exiles who returned finally complete a modest temple structure in Jerusalem c. 516 BCE; most Jews chose to stay in Babylon. Ezra (a scribe) and Nehemiah (governer) are leading figures during this period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Romans conquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE under General Pompey. Roman Senate appointed Herod "the Great" King of Judea in 40 BCE. Caesar Octavian Augustus became Roman Emperor from 31 BCE-14 CE. |
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Term
Roman/Jewish War
66-70 CE |
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Definition
the first great revolt in which the politically dominated and religiously flexible Romans fought the monotheistic practically oriented Jews
temple is destroyed during the war
The Catastrophic Jewish Revolt |
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Term
| Sea of Galilee (or Lake Kinneret) |
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Definition
| Lake in northern Israel that feeds water into the Jordan River. Scene of a number of stories in the Gospels in the New Testament. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oracles from a Judean prophet who lived among the exiles in Babylon and prophesied words of hope to them in the time period when Cyrus the Persian conquered in Babylon in 539 BCE and issued an edict allowing the Judeans to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple |
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Term
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Definition
| An older title for a prophet |
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Term
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Definition
| An author's choice of which stories to include in a narrative. Choosing to include some events and not others (selectivity) produces a unique narrative world which communicates the biblical author's perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
| The attempt to produce a meaning-for-meaning translation from Hebrew and Greek into English. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible made Alexandria, Egypt. Translation into Greek became necessary because so many of the Jews who lived outside of Israel could no longer understand Hebrew. Septuagint means "seventy," so it is often abbreviated LXX (the Roman numerals for 70) |
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Term
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Definition
| An author's arrangement of events in a particular sequence in order to create a particular effect in the story |
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Term
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Definition
| Being publicly dishonored and experiencing a loss of esteem in society. To act dishonorably results in shame not only to the individual but also to his or her family. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Hebrew word for "hear" or "listen" that begins an important Jewish affirmation of belief taken from Deuteronomy 6:4-9, 11:13-21 and Numbers 15:37-41: "Hear, O Israel: The LORD is our God, the LORD alone..." |
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Term
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Definition
| The subterranean place of the dead in Hebrew thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| The land east of the coastal plain that rises into the foothills of Israel. As one continues east, the land gets steeper and rockier, becoming the more mountainous area called the Central Highlands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Role played by the most of the prophets in the Hebrew Bible. They addressed specific historical situations and called upon people to live moral and ethical lives in obedience to God, which involved bringing social justice to the oppressed. |
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Term
| Southern kingdom of Judah |
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Definition
| Kingdom ruled by the descendents of King David, with Jerusalem as the capital city. Destroyed by the Babylonians in the 6th century BCE. |
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Term
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Definition
| An occupation layer in an archaeological dig, consisting of the material remains left by people in a particular time period. |
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Term
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Definition
| A narrative technique in which a story creates a feeling of suspense for the reader, who wonders what will happen next as a result of an event in the story. |
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Term
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Definition
| An acronym derived from the beginning letters of the titles of the three divisions of the Hebrew Bible: Law (Torah), Prophets (Neviim) and Writings (Ketuvim) |
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Term
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Definition
| Aramaic paraphrases of books of the Hebrew Bible |
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Term
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Definition
| A box containing commandments that observant Jews strap to their foreheads and also upon their left arm, near the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Word means "mound" and designates a hill formed over centuries as a city was destroyed and rebuilt. After the site was abandoned, soil slowly covered the remains of the city. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some sort of adversity faced by a character in a story--typically the protagonist. The decision made by the character, and the action taken as a result, play an important role in plot development. |
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Term
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Definition
| The word means "covenant." A covenant is a binding, legal contract between two parties. The Christian designation New Testament reflects their belief that, with the coming of Jesus of Nazareth, God established a new means of dealing with people--a new agreement based upon Jesus' life and sacrificial death on the cross--a new contract for how humans receive salvation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oracles from a prophet who apparently lived among the Judeans who returned from exile in Babylon to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. these oracles are found in Isaiah 56-66. |
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Term
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Definition
| The beating of sheaves of grain to separate the seeds from the stems of wheat or barley. Farmers stacked the sheaves onto wagons and hauled them out of the fields to places which were often located on hilltops where steady winds aided in the winnowing process |
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Term
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Definition
The word Torah literally means "teaching." It is often used to designate the first five books of the Bible, the Pentateuch (Genesis-Deuteronomy). In some contexts Torah can also designate all the books of the Hebrew Bible or even the entire body of Jewish law and teachings.
First five books of the Bible (Gen-Deu)
Considered "canon" by the time of Ezra the scribe |
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Means "instructions"-the law.
Jews believed it was God's special gift to them |
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| A method of excavating an archaeological site by digging trenches of certain widths that cut down through all the strata of the tell |
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| Wealthy top three to five percent of the population who lived in cities. They owned much of the land and employed peasants through a system called patronage. |
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| Latin translation of the Bible made by Jerome. It served as the standard Bible for the Roman Catholic Church for 1,500 years. Jerome's translation became known as the versio vulgate, which means the "common translation." |
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| A stream bed that is dry except during the rainy season. |
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| Throwing grain into the air so that wind will carry the light husk (chaff) away from the heavier grain. |
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| The last section of the Hebrew Bible. It consists of works of poetry, such as Psalms, Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, and some later narrative works, including 1-2 Chronicles. |
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| the often sermonic sayings, the messages from God (usually in poetic structure) delivered by the prophets |
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| they were careful observers of Israels common experiences. responsible for telling Israel's stories on feast days. "jonah" was told on the afternoon of Yom Kippur (day of atonement) |
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| used to appoint people to duties such as priests, temple musicians and so on. people believed that the answer gotten from casting the lots was the Lords |
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| place of the dead. ancient israelites did not believe in life after death or eternal soul |
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treaty made between equals; reciprocal obligations
(i pay you 100 sheep for this lot of land) |
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vassal/suzerainty treaties; requirements for the subordinate to maintain good favor; for the vassal a covenant is offered in exchange for protection and security
there are penalties when broken |
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| shows that the author knew of previously written accounts about Jesus. his information was handed down from eyewitnesses, but much of his work was done by investigation on his part. |
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| had the idea that the Gospel of Mark was an abbreviated version of the Gospel of Matthew |
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| altered Augustine's view and said that he thought that the Gospel of Mark abbreviated the Gospels of Matthew AND Luke |
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| came about it the 19th century. stated that the Gospel of Mark came first and that the Gospels of Matthew and Luke took parts of it. |
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| Moses leads Israelites out of Egypt after 430 years. they wonder in the wilderness for 40 years and during this time the Torah (Law) was given to them. Under Joshua, Moses' successor, the Israelites conquered Canaan. |
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| the 12 tribes of Israel band together under a king. they remain in this 12-tribe alliance through the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon |
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| First King of the effort of a united twelve. ruled for twently years |
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| Most popular King who ruled for almost 40 years. he established capital in Jerusalem because it was a centralized location with strong defenses and good accessibility |
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| King David's son who succeeds him and rules for 40 years. restructures administration (less power in tribes), improves infrastructure (roads etc), builds a temple to Yahweh and was known for dispensing wise judgements |
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| Invaders from north conquer the northern kingdom (Israel). the southern kingdom, Judah, remained independent. the leading prophets during this period were: isaiah, hosea, amos and micah |
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| led the Romans to victory over Jerusalem in 63 BCE |
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| a scribe and a book in the Hebrew bible. lead Judean exiles living in Babylon to their home in the city of Jerusalem. enforced observance of the Torah |
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| at first was cup-bearer for king of persia. went to Jerusalem and helped rebuild the wall. served 12 years as governer |
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| is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the euphrates |
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| is the western member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Tigris |
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