Which is a normal finding in urine?

Glucose

Ketones

Protein

Serum level below 8.9 mg/dL

Caused by- Vitamin D deficiency, Crohns disease, end stage renal failure, pancreatitis, massive blood transfusion, enema or laxative abuse

S/S - paresthesia, tetany (muscle spasms), seizures, cardiac arrest, Chvostek's sign

Serum level above 5.0 mEq/L

caused by- occurs in kidney from renal impairment preventing the excretion of excess, cellular damage in which it is released into ECF, insulin deficiency causing it to move into cells (DKA), adrenal deficiency

S/S - anxiety, hypotension, irregular bradycardia, GI hyperactivity, diarrhea, EKG changes (widening QRS), cardiac arrest

Serum level above 10.1 mg/dL

Causes- Cancer, Excessive intake of Vitamin D, Excessive intake of milk or alkaline antacids, hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, reduced renal function

S/S -confusion, lack of coordination, muscle weakness, lethargy, N/V Constipation, pruritus, kidney stones

Treatment- IV saline and diuretics, dialysis if cardiac problems occur or drug therapy is ineffective.

serum level below 3.5 mEq/L

In many adrenal disorders, such as Cushing syndrome, the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone, a hormone that causes the kidneys to excrete large amounts of potassium causing hypo__.

Hypo__ is related to decreased intake in patients with malnutrition or long-term chronic alcoholism.

Two tests to help diagnose this are:

Trousseau sign is the precipitation of carpal spasm by reduction of the blood supply to the hand with a tourniquet or BP cuff inflated to 20 mm Hg above systolic BP applied to the forearm for 3 min. 

 As shown by acute hypovolaemic stress, or prolonged stress, the hormone response is characterized by increased renin-angiotensin production. Angiotensin II has a direct renal effect to increase __ retention.

Hypo__

serum levels less than 136mEq/L

Causes - Vomiting, nasogastric suctioning, diarrhea, tap water enemas, GI obstruction, diuretics, kidney disease, burns, ascites, excessive water intake

S/S - Tachycardia, hypotension, HA, confusion, muscle weakness, deep tendon reflexes decreased, abd cramping

Treatment- IV therapy, have client increase intake, restrict water if in overload

hyper__

serum levels greater than 145 mEq/L

causes- water deprivation, dietary intake, hypertonic IV fluids, bicarb intake, Cushing's disease, resp infections, diabetes, diarrhea

S/S- tachycardia, thirst, dry mucous membranes muscle twitch,seizures, coma

Treatment - diuretics if poor kidney excretion, IV fluids as ordered

fat soluble vitamin

Action:Aides in night vision, promotes growth of bones and teeth, maintains skin and mucous membranes.

Source:fish oils, carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli, cantaloupe, green leafy vegetables

Deficiency:night blindness, dry and scaly skin, diarrhea, and respiratory infections

fat soluble vitamin

Action: Stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus for good bone mineralization

Source: yeast, fish liver oils, fortified milk and cereals

Deficiency: rickets, malformed teeth, and bone deformities

fat soluble vitamin

Action: acts as an antioxidant, maintains cell membrane integrity, and protects red blood cells from hemolysis

Source:vegetable oils, leafy vegetables, and wheat germ

Deficiency: increased red blood cell hemolysis 

fat soluble vitamin

Action: responsible for synthesis of prothrombin needed for normal blood clotting

Source: dark green leafy vegetables and made by intestinal bacteria

Deficiency: delayed blood clotting

Mineral

Action: bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, cell membrane permeability, and activation of certain enzymes

Source: milk and dairy products, canned fish with bones, green leafy vegetables

Deficiency: osteoporosis, tetany, and seizures

Mineral

Action:fluid balance, acid-base balance, muscular irritability, cell permeability, and nerve impulse transmission

Source:salt, sodium-containing preservatives and additives, meats and vegetables, condiments, milk carrots, celery beets, and spinach

Deficiency: cold clammy skin, decreased skin turgor, apprehension, confusion, irritability, anxiety, hypotension, HA, tremors, seizures, abdominal cramps, N/V/D

Mineral

Action: fluid balance, acid-base balance, nerve impulse transmission, striated, skeletal, and cardiac muscle activity, carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis and catalyst for many metabolic reactions

Source: whole grains, legumes, fruits, leafy vegetables, broccoli, sweet potatoes, potatoes, meat, tomatoes

Deficiency:muscle cramps and weakness, cardiac muscle weakness, anorexia, N/V, depression or confusion, lethargy, abdominal dissension,increased urine output, shallow respirations, irregular pulse

Mineral

Action: bone and tooth formation, smooth muscle relaxation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, hormonal activity, and cell reproduction and growth

Source:green leafy vegetables, nuts, dried peas, dried beans, grains, seafood, cocoa, and chocolate

Deficiency: increased neuromuscular and CNS irritability, loss of muscular control, tremors, disorientation, tetany, convulsions

Mineral

Action:oxygen transport via hemoglobin and myoglobin and enzyme system actions

Source: liver, lean meats, enriched and whole-grain breads and cereals

Deficiency: microcytic anemia, pallor, decreased work capacity, fatigue, weakness, spoon-shaped fingernails. 

Low-residue 

(5-10 g of Fiber)

Water soluble vitamin

Action:promotes natural cell function especially those of the nervous system, promotes blood formation, promotes carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, aids in synthesis of RNA and DNA

Source:fresh shrimp, oysters, meats, milk, eggs and cheese

Deficiency: pernicious anemia, anorexia, indigestion, paresthesia of hands and feet, poor coordination and depression 

AB- Universal Recipient

O- universal Donor