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EMT TEST #3
a study guide for the third test in my EMT class
58
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
11/24/2014

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Cards

Term
Sx. of a pit viper Envenomation.
Definition
-Burning at site, followed by swelling and bluish discoloration. (ecchymosis)
-Syncope from fright.
-Evident within 5-10 minuets of bite.
Term
Moderate Envenomation.
Definition
-Pain and edema beyond site.
-Systemic Sx.
-Weakness
-Diaphoresis
-N/V
-Parasthesias
Term
Severe Envenomation.
Definition
-Massive Edema
-Subcutaneous Ecchymosis
-Sever systemic symptoms
-Shock
Term
Coral Snake
Definition
-Not a Pit viper
-Tiny fangs that bite and chew injecting venom, limits most bites to fingers.
-Venom is a powerful neurotoxin
-The patient can exhibit bizarre behavior, fallowed by a progressive paralysis of the eyes and respiration.
Term
Rx. of pit viper bites
Definition
-To do nothing is to do nothing wrong
-Calm and reassure the patient
-Place patient supine
-Locate and clean area
-cover it
-Do not use ice
-Splint extremity if neccessary
-NPO
-Monitor Vitals
-Mark progression of swelling and ecchymosis with pen.
-If possible bring dead snake with to identify
-Use elastic bandage to lightly wrap the extremity, just trying to slow lymph, not blood.
Term
types of heat transfer.
Definition
-Conduction
-Convection
-Radiation
-Evaporation
-Resperation
Term
Conduction
Definition
Transfer of heat by direct contact. heat passes directly from the body to the colder object.
EX. lying in the snow or sitting on a cold object.
Term
Convection
Definition
Heat is transferred by movement of air across the body.
EX. wind or fan
Term
Radiation
Definition
Loss of heat into still air in a colder environment.
EX. standing in a freezer or standing in the snow with no wind.
Term
Evaporation
Definition
The evaporation of sweat is what cools the body.
EX. sweating
Term
Resperation
Definition
-Body heat lost during normal breathing, as warm air is exhaled into the atmosphere.
Term
Sx. of hypothermia
Definition
-Sx. become progressively worse as temp. drops
-To asses core temp by hand, use the back of your hand to feel their abdomen or chest.
-five general stages.
Term
Hypothermia (99-96 degrees)
Definition
-Shivering
Term
Hypothermia (95-91 degrees)
Definition
-Intense Shivering/ foot stomping
-LOC will be normal or withdrawn causing some difficulty speaking.
Term
Hypothermia (90-86 degrees)
Definition
-Shivering stops at this point
-Muscular activity decreases
-Fine muscle activity decreases
-Muscles become rigid
-LOC continues to become more withdrawn
Term
Hypothermia (85-81 degrees)
Definition
-Patient becomes lethargic, losing interest in fighting the cold.
-Patient may undress
-Poor coordination and memory loss
-Trouble speaking
-Patient may appear rigid or stiff.
Term
hypothermia (80- 78 degrees)
Definition
- Vital signs slow and weakened.
- Cardiac arrhythmia may occur.
- Below 8- degrees, cardiac arrest
- Never assume a cold pulseless patient is dead.
- Not dead until warm and dead.
Term
Subtle Hypothermia night
Definition
- Hypothermia may not be main complaint
- Patient lying on a cold floor all night?
- Vehicle accident in cold weather?
- ETC...
Term
Heat Cramps
Definition
- Painful muscle spasms that occur after vigorous exercise or heavy work.
- Exact cause not well understood.
- Usually occurs in legs and abdomen.
- Occurs due to loss of fluid causing electrolyte imbalance.
-It is thought that the loss of sodium in the muscles causing the cramps
Term
Heat Exhaustion
Definition
- More severe form of heat illness
- Fluid and electrolytes are lost
- Commonly associated with hot water with profuse sweating.
- Fluid depletion leads to a form of hypovolemic shock.
Term
Sx. of heat exhaustion
Definition
- ALOC
- Weakness
- Thirst
- Cold and clammy skin
- Tachycardia
- Blood pressure normal to low
- Profuse sweating
- Temperature normal to slight elevation
Term
Patients with hot, dry, or moist skin
Definition
Heat Stroke
Term
Heat Stroke
Definition
- Untreated, it will lead to death.
- Bodies thermoregularotry mechanisms have failed
- High temperature produces multi-system tissues and physiological collapse.
- CBT can be in excess o f > 106
Term
classic baking the person to death
Definition
- Occurs at rest
- occurs when ambient temperature is high
- Usually occurs to children and the elderly
- Mortality rate > 70%
Term
Exertional
Definition
- usually affects the young and healthy pushing themselves beyond their limits
- Usually occurs in hot, humid environments
- Mortality rate <20%
Term
initial Sx. of heat stroke
Definition
- hot flush skin
- patient may or may not sweat
- Rapid pulse, variable blood pressure
- Confusion, weakness, anxiety
Term
late stage Sx. of heat stroke
Definition
- CNS agitation, delirium, stupor, seizures, coma
- Cardiovascular peripheral vaso-dilation results in profound shock
- Digestive system failure
Term
Rx. of frostbite
Definition
- remove patient from the cold
- handle injured part gently
- do not massage causes greater injury
- remove jewelry
- do not apply heat or rewarm if there ia ANY chance of refreezing.
- do not allow patient to stand or walk on affected area
Term
Rx. of heat cramps
Definition
- Replacement of sodium and water
- Administration of oral salt tablets is controversial
- Rest for minimum of 12 hours
Term
Sx. of internal bleeding
Definition
- Surface injuries
- Bruising, swelling or pain over vital organs
- Painful, swollen extreimites
- Bleeding from an orifice
Term
Rx. of internal bleeding
Definition
- Surgery and other procedures are usually necessary
- Follow BSI techniques
- Maintain the airway with C-spine if the MOI suggest trauma
- O2
- Control obvious external bleeding
- Treat suspected internal bleeding in an extremity by applying a splint or an air pressure
- Monitor and record the Vitals at least every 5 minutes
- NPO
- In non-trauma patients, elevate the patients legs
Term
Compensated shock
Definition
- the body can still compensate for blood loss
- Some decrease in tissue perfusion but, the mechanisms are sufficient to overcome the decreases in available fluid.
- You will see : Tachycardia, Tachypnea and pale cool skin
Term
Decompensated shock
Definition
- BP is falling
- Patient looks like death
Term
Irreversible Shock
Definition
- shock has become terminal
- cant come back from it
Term
General Sx. of shock
Definition
- Altered LOC anxiety, restlessness
- Thirst
- Compensatory tachycardia
- Skin signs change (pale, sweaty, and later cyanosis)
- N/V
- Hypotension
Term
Sx of shock in order
Definition
All terrible things start with hitler
-ALOC
-Thirst
-Tachycardia
-Skin signs
-N/V
-Hypotension
Term
Anaphylactic Shock
Definition
- Adjunct to allergies lecture
- occurs when a patient reacts violently to a substance to which he or she have been sensitized
Term
Becks triad
Definition
Hypotension, muffled heart sounds, & distended neck veins
Term
Avulsions to the scalp
Definition
Flush the area with sterile water to clean it as best as possible. close the avulsion by placing it as close as possible to normal position. place dressing on the avulsion and wrap the whole scalp.
Term
Subcutaneous emphysema
Definition
this beautiful crackly crunchy feeling you find when someones skin has air under it. Typically a result of a pneumothorax.
Term
Cushings triad
Definition
TBI hypotension, Bradycardia, Changes in resperation
Term
Waddels Triad
Definition
Auto vs. Ped. impact
-Femur fracture
-Abd. injury
-Head injury
Term
Depth of burns
Definition
-Superficial (1st degree)
-Partial Thickness (2nd degree)
-Full-thickness (3rd degree)
Term
Superficial burns (1st degree)
Definition
-involves the top layer of the skin
- appears red, dry, and blanches to the touch
- typically caused by long duration to low intensity
Term
Partial thickness burns (2nd degree)
Definition
-involves the epidemis and some portion of the layer below
-Typically the skin is moist, motttled and white to red
-Blisters are common
-Intense pain
Term
Full-Thickness burns (3rd degree)
Definition
-Extends through all layers and may involve subcutaneous layers
-Area appears dry and leathery
-May appear pearly white, dark brown, or even charred
-may have no feeling or any capillary refill
Term
rule of 9's (adult)
Definition
-head =9%
-Torso anterior =9%
-Torso posterior =9%
-Each arm =9%
-Each leg =18%
-Groin =1%
Term
rule of 9's (child)
Definition
-Head =18%
-Torso anterior =18%
-Torso posterior =18%
-Each arm =9%
-Each leg =14%
-Groin =1%
Term
3 phases of burn shock
Definition
-Emergent phase: initial decrease in fluid to the affected area.
-Fluid Shift phase: plasma leeks from the circulatory system into the burned area and out of the body
-Resolution phase: Fluid loss diminishes usually after 24 hours.
Term
Placenta abreivea
Definition
placenta has separated from the uterus wall.
Term
Croup
Definition
-6 months to 4 years in age
-slow onset
-patient will be comfortable lying down
-barking cough
-No drooling
-Fever less than 104
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
-Rapid onset
-3-7 years
-patient prefers to sit upright
- no cough
- drooling like a mother fucker
- fever >104
-3 D's Drooling, Dyspnea, Dysphasia
Term
Meningitis
Definition
Meningitis is a disease caused by the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges. The inflammation is usually caused by an infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis may develop in response to a number of causes, usually bacteria or viruses, but meningitis can also be caused by physical injury, cancer or certain drugs.
The severity of illness and the treatment for meningitis differ depending on the cause. Thus, it is important to know the specific cause of meningitis.
Term
Hemotomato
Definition
Large pool of blood under the skin
Term
Cardiac tamponade
Definition
Cardiac tamponade is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle (myocardium) and the outer covering sac of the heart (pericardium).
Term
Neurogenic shock
Definition
In brain or spinal injury, the sympathetic trunk stops working and blood vessels dilate and result in blood pooling away from the heart. Since there isn't enough blood returning to the heart, the heart has a hard time pumping blood through the body.

Treatment includes fluids and medications to increase the tone in the blood vessel walls.
Term
Frostbite
Definition
Frostbite is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. First your skin becomes very cold and red, then numb, hard and pale. Frostbite is most common on the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin. Exposed skin in cold, windy weather is most vulnerable to frostbite. But frostbite can occur on skin covered by gloves or other clothing.
Term
Frostnip
Definition
the first stage of frostbite, doesn't cause permanent skin damage. You can treat very mild frostbite with first-aid measures, including rewarming your skin. All other frostbite requires medical attention because it can damage skin, tissues, muscle and bones. Possible complications of severe frostbite include infection and nerve damage.
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