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-The brain stem: controls the most basic functions of the body (breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and pupil constriction.
-The cerebellum: Controls muscle and body coordination. Located just behind the cerebellum. Complex tasks with multiple muscle coordination (standing, walking, writing, etc...).
-The cerebrum: divided down the middle into left and right hemispheres. Each controls the activities of the opposite side of the body. Front controls emotion and thought, middle controls touch and movement. The back processes sight. |
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| How many cranial nerves run directly from the brain to various parts of the body? |
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
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| an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function. |
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| the loss of brain function that results from a CVA and occurs when part of the blood flow to the brain is suddenly cut off. |
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| dead cells as a result of lack of oxygen. |
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| Causes of interruption of cerebral blood flow |
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Ischemia: the lack of oxygen that causes cells not to function properly and eventually die. Thrombosis: clotting of the cerebral arteries Arterial Rupture: rupture of a cerebral artery. Cerebral Embolism: Obstruction of a cerebral artery caused by a clot that was formed elsewhere and traveled to the brain. |
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| the lack of oxygen that causes cells not to function properly and eventually die. |
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| clotting of the cerebral arteries |
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| rupture of a cerebral artery. |
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| Obstruction of a cerebral artery caused by a clot that was formed elsewhere and traveled to the brain. |
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-10% of ALL strokes strokes -Result of bleeding inside the brain. -Bloodclotting squeezed the brain tissue surrounding it. -normally occurs in patients experiencing stress or exertion |
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| a swelling or enlargement of part of an artery, resulting from the weakening of the arterial wall. |
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| a subarachnoid hemorrhage in which a small balloon or “berry” juts out from the artery. When overstretched, it ruptures and blood spurts out into an area around the coverings of the brain called the subarachnoid space. common amongst healthier young people. |
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-From a thombosis or an embolism that blocks blood flow. -transient ischemic attacks are stroke symptoms that go away on there own in 24 hours or less. |
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Aphasia: an inability to produce or understand speech. Receptive Aphasia: patients who cannot understand speech but can speak clearly. Expressive Aphasia: patients understand the question but cannot produce the right sounds in order to answer. Only grunts or other incomprehensible sounds emerge. |
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| an inability to produce or understand speech. |
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| patients who cannot understand speech but can speak clearly. |
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| patients understand the question but cannot produce the right sounds in order to answer. Only grunts or other incomprehensible sounds emerge. |
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| can usually understand language AND can speak but their words may be difficult to understand. a right hemisphere problem |
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-caused by high blood pressure or an aneurism. -high blood pressure is also a RESPONE to the bleeding. |
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| Explain the Cincinnati Stroke Scale |
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Speech -abnormal if words are slurred or confused Facial Droop -abnormal if asymmetrical Arm Drift -abnormal if arms do not move equally |
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| How will a stroke affect Baseline Vital Signs? |
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-excessive bleeding in the brain may slow pulse and cause erratic respirations. -blood pressure is usually high -excessive bleeding in the brain may cause changes in pupil size and reactivity. |
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| Definitive Care for Stroke Patients |
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-determine if there is any bleeding in the brain. -the only way to see if a patient's condition can be treated with medication is to give them a computed tomography of the head (CT). -transport patients to special facilities. |
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a convulsion; temporary alteration in behavior or consciousness and is typically characterized by unconsciousness and generalized severe twitching of all of the body's muscles that lasts several minutes or longer. This type is a generalized seizure (grand mal). A brief lapse of consciousness, without loss of composure in which a patient seems to stare and not to respond to anyone. This is an absence seizure. |
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| warning signs of a seizure |
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| phase of a seizure in which a patient may exhibit tachycardia, hyperventilation, and intense salivation. The patient my exhibit bilateral movement characterized by muscle rigidity and relaxation usually lasting 1 to 3 minutes. |
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| phase of a seizure in which the patient is unresponsive at first and gradually regains consciousness. |
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| seizures that continue every few minutes without regaining consciousness or last longer than 30 minutes (potentially life threatening and high priority for emergency medical care). |
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| Structural seizures (as opposed to “metabolic”) an abnormality in the brain such as benign or cancerous tumor, an infection (brain abscess), or scar tissue from an injury |
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| What are some medications for epileptic seizures? |
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| phenytoin (Dilantin), phenobarbital, or carbamazepine (Tegretol). |
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| seizures resulting from sudden high fevers. Particularly in children. |
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| Petite Mal usually occurs in children between the ages of.. |
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