Term
| what are the 3 names that each drug has? |
|
Definition
-chemical
-generic
-brand |
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Term
| Name 4 types of actions in which a drug will interact with the body? |
|
Definition
- Binding to a receptor site
-changing the physical properties of cells
-chemically combining with other chemicals
-altering a normal metabloic pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
| how drugs are transported in and out of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| how a drug interacts with the body to cause its desired effects |
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Term
| Define enternal drug administration |
|
Definition
| delivery of medications via absorbtion through the GI tract |
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Term
| define parenternal administration |
|
Definition
| delivery of meds through any route outside of the GI tract. (nebulized, IV, topical) |
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Term
|
Definition
| drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response |
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Term
|
Definition
| drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others. (only a partial agonist) |
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Term
| what is the onset of action? |
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Definition
| the time from when a drug is administered until it reaches its minimum effective concentration |
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Term
| define minimum effective concentration |
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Definition
| the minumum amount of a drug needed to cause its desired effect |
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Term
| what is an antagonistic drug? |
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Definition
| Drug that binds to a specific receptor site but does not initiate the expected response |
|
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Term
| what is a competitive antagonist? |
|
Definition
| a drug that will bind to a receptor site and prevent another drug from binding to the receptor site |
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Term
| what is a non-competetive antagonist? |
|
Definition
| a drug that binds to a receptor site and deforms it to prevent an agonist from fitting and binding |
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Term
|
Definition
| a drug that causes loss of sensation to touch or pain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| drug that decreases the sensation of pain |
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Term
| what is an adjunct medication? |
|
Definition
| a drug that is administered to enhance the effect of another drug |
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|
Term
| Define Biological Half-life |
|
Definition
| amount of time it takes for the body to clear one half of a drug |
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|
Term
| what is the drug response relationship? |
|
Definition
| Correlation of different amounts of adrug to a clinical response |
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Term
| List at least 4 factors that affect the drug response relationship |
|
Definition
-age
-body mass
-sex
-environment
-genetics
-psychology
-time of administration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a state of decreased anxiety and inhibitions |
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Term
| with regards to electrical charges, how does a neuron transmit an impule? |
|
Definition
| the resting state of neurons is negative. in order to conduct an impulse, the neuron must become posotive, aka depolarize. |
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Term
| what is Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)? |
|
Definition
it is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
|
|
|
Term
| explain how GABA functions in the CNS |
|
Definition
GABA receptors are dispersed greatly throughout the CNS and are located on chloride ion channels. when GABA combines with these receptors, the chloride channels open, and chloride, which is a negative ion, rushes into the neuron and hyperpolarizes it. making the neuron difficult to depolarize, thus depressing the CNS
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Term
| What class of drugs do Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the mechanism of action of benzodiazepams and barbiturates |
|
Definition
| they increase the GABA receptors potential for binding with GABA |
|
|
Term
| Why do barbiturates have a higher potential for overdose than benzodiazepines? |
|
Definition
| barbiturates in high doses can mimic GABA's effects and thus can have unlimited effects. Benzodiazepines only increase GABA's effectiveness, thus the amount of GABA present limits their effects |
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|
Term
| What class of drugs Dilantin (phenytoin), and Tegretol (carbamazepine) belong to? |
|
Definition
| Antiseizure/Antiepileptic |
|
|
Term
| Explain the mechanism of action of Dilantin and Tegretol |
|
Definition
| Both inhibit the influx of sodium into the neuron, thus decreasing the neurons ability to depolarize and transmit overactive nerve impulses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| antipsychotic medications |
|
|
Term
| What are the major illnesses treated with Neuroleptics? |
|
Definition
-Bipolar disorder
-depression
-Schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 main classes of neuroleptics |
|
Definition
-Phenothiazines
-Butyrophenones |
|
|
Term
| explain the mechanism of action of neuroleptics |
|
Definition
| neuroleptics block dopamine receptors in the CNS. excess release of dopamine has been linked to psychotic episodes |
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|
Term
| List the three major classes of antidepressants |
|
Definition
-Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA's)
-Selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)
-Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) |
|
|
Term
| What is a Parasympathomimetic drug? |
|
Definition
| Drug that causes effects that mimic the parasympathetic nervous system. Also known as a cholinergic |
|
|
Term
| What is a Parasympatholytic drug? |
|
Definition
| A drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also known as an anticholinergic drug |
|
|
Term
| What are the common side effects of Cholinergics? |
|
Definition
-Salivation
-Lacrimation
-Urination
-Defacation
-Gastric motility
Emesis |
|
|
Term
List the 2 Parasympathetic acetycholine receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is atropine? What is its primary use? |
|
Definition
-Atropine the most common anticholinergic drug
-used for treatment of SLUDGE symptoms from organophosphate poisoning |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 main classes of antihypertensives |
|
Definition
-ACE inhibitors
-Beta blockers
-Calcium channel blockers
-Diuretics |
|
|
Term
| Describe ACE inhibitors mechanism of action |
|
Definition
| ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. angiotensin II is a very potent vasoconstrictor and decreasing the amount of it circulating, will yield lower blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the suffix for the generic names of ACE inhibitors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Beta blockers mechanism of action |
|
Definition
| Beta blockers are a competetive antagonist. they bind with the beta 1 receptors and prevent sympathetic stimulation of the heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the suffix for the generic names of Beta blockers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Calcium Channel blockers mechanism of action |
|
Definition
| Calcium is required for muscle contraction. when it enters muscle cells through calcium channel, muscle contraction ensues. blocking calcium channels prevents arterioles smooth muscle from contracting |
|
|
Term
| What is the suffix for Calcium Channel blockers generic names? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug used to reduce circulating blood volume by increasing urine output |
|
|
Term
| list the three main categories of Diuretics |
|
Definition
- loop diuretics
- thiazides
- pottasium sparing diuretics |
|
|
Term
-Each of the three main classes of diuretics increase urine output, but how does their mechanism of action differ?
-which section of the nephron does each afect? (bonus points) |
|
Definition
they affect a certain part of the nephron.
-loop diuretics: ascending loop of henle
-thiazides: distal convoluted tubes
-potassium sparing diuretics: distal convoluted tubes |
|
|
Term
| What is the EMS drug of choice for rapid treatment of hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In conjunction with Nitroglycerin, what drug is also used to treat patients with cardiac chest pain? |
|
Definition
| Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) |
|
|
Term
| how much greater is the chance of survival if a cardiac chest pain patient recieves ASA, versus if they didn't? |
|
Definition
| 30% increase in chance of survival |
|
|
Term
| What is a hemostatic agent? |
|
Definition
| drugs that promote hemostasis (the stoppage of bleeding) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three classes of drugs used to treat thrombi? |
|
Definition
- Antiplatelets
- Anticoagulants
-Thrombolytics |
|
|
Term
| What are antiplatelet drugs? |
|
Definition
| drugs that decrease the aggregation of platelets |
|
|
Term
| What are anticoagulant drugs? |
|
Definition
| drugs that interupt the coagulation cascade |
|
|
Term
| what are thrombolytic drugs? |
|
Definition
| drugs that act directly on thromi to break them down |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common anticoagulant drug? |
|
Definition
- warfarin (generic name)
- Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, Lawarin, Waran (brand names) |
|
|
Term
| what are the most common thrombolytic drugs? |
|
Definition
- streptokinase (Streptase)
- reteplase (Retevase) |
|
|
Term
| what is an antihyperlipidemic drug? |
|
Definition
| drug used to treat high blood cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of excessive exposure to parasympathomimetic drugs (cholinergics)? |
|
Definition
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defacation
Gastric motility
Emesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common anticholinergic drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organophosphate poisoning over stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, or sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common suffix for antifungal medications? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two most common suffixes for antiviarl medications? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonstreroidal anti inflammatory drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that prevent vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- morphine (Roxanol)
- hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
- Codeine
- hydrocodone (Vicoden)
- mederidine (Demerol)
- oxycodone (oxycontin)
- methadone |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 opioid receptors |
|
Definition
- delta
- kappa
- mu
-nociceptin |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 most common benzodiazepines |
|
Definition
- alprazolam (Xanax)
- diazepam (Valium)
- clonazepam (Klonopin)
- lorazepam (Ativan) |
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