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Emotions
Emotions Class PSY 336 Ch.9, CSULB Prof. HUPKA
29
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/18/2009

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Cards

Term
What is Lorenz’s opinion regarding aggression?  
Definition

Aggression is an innate drive like hunger, and that human culture is in peril: aggression threatens to run out of control because technology and bureaucracy hold back humans from reconciliation and peace-making

Term

What are three social goals of humans? 

Definition

One is attachment.  Its function is primarily that of protection and care for the immature infant.  Second, kind of social motivation is called affiliation, and it is often described in the research literature as warmth.  In humans, it is the core of kindness, of friendship, and also of long-term sexual bonding that we call romantic love.  The third kind of social motivation is assertion of power which is the motivation of competition and of conflict.  

Term
What is the relationship between attachment and affiliation?  Are the two identically prioritized across cultures? 
Definition

Goldberg concluded that alongside the protective functions of attachment there is another function that is separable but equally important, the system of affiliation, warmth and affection.  This includes sensitivity.  

Term
What are the three ways that emotions are social? 
Definition

 

1. just as with individual goals, emotions are evaluations, or appraisals, of events that affect different kinds of social goals. 

2. emotions are not solely determined by appraisals of events. 

3. most importantly, emotions create social relationships.

 

Term

What was Bowlby’s idea?  

Definition

Bowlby’s idea was that the attachment relationship of infancy creates a template for later intimate relationships.  

Term

Pup retrieval in rats is equivalent to what in humans?  

Definition

Retrieval is equivalent, in human mothers, to the attachment function of responding to the babies cries.  

Term
What is the new finding of gene-environment interaction?
Definition

Experience of being licked and nursed more was found to affect gene expression, which in turn had a calming effect on responses to stress of the offspring in their adulthood.  

Term

Maternal licking in rats is equivalent to what in humans? 

Definition

Maternal licking in the rat species finds its equivalent in humans in cuddling, kissing, stroking, and other forms of physical contact.  

Term
What is primary maternal preoccupation?  After reading p. 233, what might be worthwhile to explore in a potential marriage partner?  
Definition
Sustains the devotion they need for the baby to flourish
Term
What is most important in life for most people in Western society
Definition
For most people in western society love is what is most important in life.  
Term

What happens to six-year-old chimpanzees when its mother is removed and why?  

Definition

Goodall found that an infant chimpanzee who at the age of six had lost its mother, though able to forage for itself, would pine and die.

Term

With whom do adults raised in kibbutzims have sex?  

Definition

Children raised in Kibbutzim tend not to enter into sexual relationships with those with whom they grew up with in the same Kibbutz

Term
According to the textbook, what is needed to transition from passionate love to long-term companionate love
Definition

Jung wrote about the psychological repercussions of withdrawing the fantasies on which being in love is based, and of the changing roles that occur as the life span is traversed.  In terms of emotions, several forms of love, as we noted earlier, help with these transitions: love that is centered upon care giving, affection, friendship, and eroticism,

Term
What has research found regarding sexual desire and love?  
Definition

People often nominate love as a prototypical emotion, and sexual desire is believed to overlap only modestly with the content of love.  Some facets of sexuality are served by an intense emotion we might call sexual desire.  Other facets such as enduring commitment one feels are guided by emotions of romantic love.  

Term
Which four behaviors are damaging to relationships?  
Definition

“Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”

1. Criticism

2. defensivness

3. stone-walling

4. Contempt for the partner.

Term
Which of the four is most damaging?  
Definition

Contempt is most toxic to relationships.

Term

Which emotion can bring about beneficial change in relationships as reported by participants in Averill’s research? 

Definition

ANGER

Term
How have friendships evolved in evolution, according to Trivers? 
Definition
Cooperative alliances like friendships have emerged in human evolution and are successful in our more immediate lives, to the extent that there is reciprocal giving and affection.  Emotions such as love and gratitude promote cooperative, affectionate alliances between friends.  
Term
What is the communicating gene hypothesis
Definition

Buck and Ginsberg – Gene lines that survive because of their communication with genes in other organisms of the same species

Term
What is the role of gratitude?
Definition

Gratitude is a glue of cooperative social living amongst non-kin.  Gratitude serves as a barometer, it helps us keep track of what friends are generous, and which friends are not.  Gratitude motivates altruistic, affectionate behavior.  

Term

What is the effect of experimentally inducing pain in people?  

Definition

Pain, hunger, fatigue, humiliation, anxiety, insults – will elicit aggression when it produces anger

Term
What are the opinions of the Utku and the Yanomamö regarding anger?  
Definition

Utku, an Inuit group living near the Arctic Circle.  Utku adults did not express anger interpersonally, and they did not use anger or threats in child rearing.  Yanomamo conceive of themselves as fierce people.  They live in chronic warfare and shifting alliances between neighboring villages.

Term
How is vengefulness a social emotion? 
Definition
It seeks to restore a balance of power, and the threat of it can deter.  Tit for tat is a highly successful social strategy 
Term
What are the three ethical codes on which societies can be based and which emotions are likely to be predominant in each society?  
Definition

In much of the west, the code is of autonomy and individual rights.  Its emotion is anger at moral trespass, resulting in social adjustment as individuals establish their rights against any who infringe them.  Morality of the dominance hierarchy, where individuals acquire and defend position and resources, while others tolerate the inequities that result.  A quite different kind of society is based on an ethics of divinity, on the idea of the self as a spiritual entity that has to be protected against contamination.

Term

What are the male and female gender stereotypes?  

Definition

Stereotypically female emotions include happiness and fear, the emotions of affiliation and submissiveness, while stereotypically male emotions include anger and other emotions of dominance. 

Term
What did Brody and Hall find in their review of research on which emotions men and women show?  
Definition

Conclude that while women have been found to show warmth, happiness, shame, and fear more frequently and more intensely than did men, men’s expressions have been found to show more pride loneliness, and contempt. 

Term
What appears to have been the reason for one group of chimpanzees to annihilate another group? 
Definition

 Hostilities seemed to have more to do with the southerners becoming an out-group.  They became “them”, no longer, “us”

Term
What factors account for the emergence of aggressive anger and contempt between groups?  
Definition

They found that anger directed at the out group is more likely when group members individually feel that their group is stronger than the out-group.  And when the members are strongly identified with the group.  

Term
What are three solutions to the problem of interpersonal feuding? 
Definition

1) Devolve such feuds to an authority

2) Joint projects

3) Forgiveness

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