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two dimensions of emotions
Multidimensional scaling |
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| it is hard to define an emotion. but you can measure it via two dimensions-- valence-the nature of emotion- positive or negative. Arousal-- how active or passive the experience is. |
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| stimuli trigger the physiological response first then psychological response- the emotional experience itself. stimuli triggers the activity in autonomic nervous system which then triggers the emotional experience |
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| stimuli simultaneously triggers both the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience |
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| Two-factor theory--argue that there is undifferentiated physiological arousal, which then causes the brain to search for the cause of this arousal- then links the source of arousal with physi activity-- you have emotional experience |
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1. Autonomic nervous system is not that fast to be aroused itself and then cause an em response.
2. There are no unique phys responses to stimuli-- why simple fever cannot cause feeling of fear??
3. People are not so good at detecting changes in their autonomic nervous system
4. And if simple physiological response can cause the whole emotional experience- then why temp cannot cause love or fear |
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| first the physiological response is triggered by the stimuli, the second factor-- is the linking of this response to its source that produces emotional experience. |
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| the mistake of two factor theory |
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| that there is one universal repsonse to all stimuli |
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| the part of the brain responsible for the production of emotion. decides if the incoming information is exciting or not |
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| the moment between when the bear enters your eye and heart starts to pound- you have to decide that you have to afraid of. amygdala makes this decision. AN EVALUATION OF AN EMOTION-RELEVANT ELEMENTS OF stimulus |
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| in seconds-- thalamus-amygdala-- split second decision |
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| thalamus- cortex- amygdala-- thoroughly examines the stimulus and only then generates emotional experience |
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| we can take an active role in determinign which emotion we want to have. Cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to manipulate their emotions |
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| changing the emotional state by changing the meaning of emotions. changing the way we percieve or think about an emotion |
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| observable signs of emotional state |
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| the best indicator of emotional states- 43 muscles that give rise to numerous expressions unique to certain emotional states |
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hypothesis that suggests that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.
1. men who are away from civilazion
2. people who are blind and 2 days old babies |
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| happiness, sadness, disgust, anger,fear, and suprise |
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| facial feedback hypothesis |
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suggests that emotional expression can give rise to emotional experience
1. make sound e and holding pen in mouth |
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| bidirectional pathway of of emotional experience |
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| emotional expression can cause emotional experience- when people mimic facial expression of others, they feel what others feel- amygdala |
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| the process by which people predict their emotional reactions to future event. OVERESTIMATION. |
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| the control of emotional expressions using specific techniques |
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exaggerating the emotional expression.
gift example |
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mutting the emotional emotional state--
loss of game- showing less sadness |
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showing one emotion, while feeling another
poker players |
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| involves feeling an emotion but NO displaying it. judges when they try not to betray their learnings while lawyers make arguments |
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| four feature can allow a careful observer to decide if the emotion is sincere or not |
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| certain facial muscles tend to resist to voluntary faking- you can fake a smile but not a contraction of certain eye muscles |
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| sincere emotional expressions- are symmetrical -- perfectly even smile |
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| sincere emotional expressions- are symmetrical -- perfectly even smile |
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| sincere emotion- between half second and 5 seconds |
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| sincere expressions appear and disappear over time |
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| is the notion that people are motivated to experience PLEASURE and avoid PAIN. |
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| an inherited tendency to seek a particular goal. |
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| bodies are like thermostat. when the body detects that there is no food- send signals to the body-- drive. internal state generated by damaging homeostasis |
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| is the tendency of a system to take action to keep ITSELF in a particular state |
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| one of the most important and primary drives |
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| Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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bottom up:
1. Physiological need
2. Safety and security needs
3. belonginess and love needs
4. esteem needs
5. need for self-actualization |
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if your body wants to eat it sends OREXIGENIC signal to tell your brain to switch hunger on.
when you are full- anorexigenic signal -to switch hunger off. |
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| hunger regulating chemicals |
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| LEPTIN-- is a chemical that is produced by FAT CELLS and it is a anorexigenic signal. |
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| a chemical that is produced in stomach which is a orexigenic signal -- that switches hunger ON |
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| when you get reinforced for your current activity. is a motivation to take action that will lead to reward- working, studying for exam. |
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| motivation to take action that are themselves are rewarding. CHILDREN DRAWING. |
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| when they are intrinsically motivated |
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is a motivation that we are aware of.
example-i wanted to cure diabetes |
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| motivation that we are not aware of-- i wanted to exceed my fathers accomplishments |
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| motivation to solve worth-while problems |
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| motivation to experience a positive outcome -- to win in gambling |
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| motivation not to experience a negative outcome-- to lose in gambling |
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| avoidance is more powerful-- people dont wanna lose in gambling |
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