• Personality achievement
• Defining who you are
• Directions you choose to pursue in life

Identity vs Role confusion

• Weak sense of trust 
• Little initiative do not explore

Identity Crisis

Period of destress as they experiment with alternatitives before settling on values and goals

Redefined through life

Negative out come

• Society limits their choices
• Doesn't match abilities and desires
• May appear directionless

Self-Concept

Unify separate traits ("smart" "Talented") to more abstract descriptors ("intelligent")

• Which is the real me?
• Use of Pualifiers
• Social virtues

Self-Esteem (continued)

• Bad Parent relation= Aggressive and antisocial behavior
• Negative peer relations= anxious and depressed behavior
• Negative Feedback=feeling of incompetent and unloved

• Well organized, Self descriptions, differentiated self-esteem= good foundation for identity
• James Marcia- clinical interviewing
• Exploration and commitment 
• Identity Domains- Sexual orientation, vocation, religious and political values

The Four Identity Status

Identity achievement

• Explored alternatives
• Clear self-chosen values and goals
• Psychological well-being
• knowing where they are going

Four Identity Statuses

Identity Moratorium

Delay or holding pattern

• NO definite commitments
• process of exploring- gathering info and trying activities
• desire to find values and goals to guide their lives

Four Identity Statuses

Identity foreclosure

• Committed values and goals w/o exploring alternatives
• ready- made identity that authority figures have chosen for them

Four Identity Statuses

Identity diffusion

• Lack clear direction
• Neither committed to values or goals
• NOR actively trying to reach them
• never explored alternatives
• found task to threatening and overwhelming

Self Understanding 

Identity status and Psychological well-being

• Information-gathering cognitive style
• Personal decision and problem solving
• Revise views
• Realizing aspirations
• advanced in moral reasoning

• Dogmatic infleible cognitive style- Values and beliefs of parents w/o deliberate evaluation that threaten their position
• Diffuse-avoidance cognitive style- avoid dealing w/ personal decisions and problem
• Should allow current situational pressures to dictate their reactions

Self Understanding

Factors affecting Identity Development

• Identity status both cause and consequences of personality
• Foreclosed teenagers usually are close w/ parents (lack of opportunities for healthy separation)
• What they value in close friends/life partners
• classrooms- Promote high level thinking

• Enduring personal essence- core self That remained the same despite changes
• Coherent narrative- Roles and relationships linked together various time slices of their life with a thread that explained how they had changed in meaningful ways

Moral Development

Moral development

Piaget's theory 

Two stages  

Hetronomous Morality (5-10)

• Meaning under the authoryity of another
• Regard rules as handed down by authority

Moral Development

Piaget's theroy 

(continue) 

Autonomous Morality

• Now longer view rules as fixed but flexible
• Rules Socially agreed-on Principles that can be revised when Necessary

Moral Development

Kohleberg's extension of Piaget's theory

• Moral Dilemmas- storyies presenting a conflict between two moral values
• The way an individual reasons about the dilemma, The content of the response (whether or not to steal)

Moral Develoment

Kohlberg's Stages

Preconventional Level

Morality is external controlled, Children accept the rules of authority

Moral Develoment

Kohlberg's Stages

The Preconventional level

Stage 1

• Difficult to consider two points of view in a moral dilemma
• They may ignore people intentions, and instead, Focus on fear of authority and punishment for behaving morally

Stage 2

Insrumental purpose orientation

• Become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma
• at first understand very concrete
• "You do this for me and i'll do that for you"

Reguard conformitty to socal rules as inportant but not for reasons on self intrest

Maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order

Stage 3 "good Boy, Good Girl"

Interpersonal cooperation

• Desire to obey rules because they promote social harmony (close Personal Ties)
• maintain the affection and approval of friends 
• Ideal reciprocity

Stage 4 Social-order-maintaining orientation

• takes in to account a larger perspective-societal laws
• rules must be enforced in the same evenhanded fashion for everyone
• laws should never be disobeyed-Vital for ensuring order and cooperative relations 

Beyond unquestioning support for own society's rules and laws

Abstract principles and values that can apply to all situations/societies

Stage 5 Social Contract orientation

• Individuals regard was as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes
• Imagine alternatives to own social order 
• Fair procedures for changing the law
• free willing participation= more good for people than if it didn't exist

Stage 6 Universal ethical principle Orientation

• Right action is defined by self chosed ethical principles that are valid for all people, regarless of law and social agreement
• abstract moral rules
• consideration of the claims of all humans and respect for worth and dignity

• kohlberg's theory is on the basis of males
• Gilligan believes that feminine morality emphasizes and "ethical care"
• Too much attention on Rights and Justice (Masculine ideal) 
• too little attention on Car and responsiveness (Feminine Ideal)

Moral Develoment

Coordination moral, social-conventional and

personal concerns

• teens  Express great concern with matters of personal choice
• younger ages are not subject to to control by authority figures (parents)
• Teens Display more subtle thinking (mindful of fairness
• Older= Deeper grasp of fairness

Moral Develoment

Influences on moral reasoning

Present Young people with cognitive challenges,

Stimulate them to think about moral problems in more complex ways

Moral understaing in adolescence is foster by warm parenting and discussion of moral concerns

Teenage parents who listen will gain most in moral development

Teenage parents who lecture/threaten/or sarcastic remarks show little or no change

Moral Develoment

Influences on moral reasoning

School is powerful predictor of movement to kohlbergs stage 4 and Higher

College introduces younger people to social issues

classes that emphasize open discussion of opinions

social diverse

Moral Develoment

Influences on moral reasoning

peers who confront one another with differing viewpoints promotes moral understanding

Discussions effective engaged confronting critiquing, and attempting to clarify  one and others viewpoints

Moral Develoment

Influences on moral reasoning

• Village society rarely move beyond stage 3
• Moral dilemmas in collectivist cultures are often more other directed 
• Highly value interdependency 
• Kohlbers Highest level are not universal But culturally specific
• Individualism

Moral Develoment

Moral reasoning and Behavior

• Mature Moral thinkers realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for maintaining a just social world
• Moral self-relevance- degree to which morality is central to self-concept

Moral Develoment

Religious Involvement and moral development

•  In resolving real-life moral dilemmas, voice notions of religion and spirituality
• Teens who remain in religious community are advantaged in moral values and behavior
• promotes responsible academic and social behavior and misconduct

• Gender Inesification- Gender Stereotyping of attitude and behaviors and toward a more traditional gender identity
• Biological and social and congitive factors are involved
• Girls are more Socially psychologically healthier

The Family

Parent-child Relationships

• Autonomy-sense of oneself as a separate self-governing individual
• Parents give more independence
• Rapid physical and psychological changes trigger conflicting expatiation in parent rearing
• parent own development Can conflict with Kids

• Very consistent with predictor of mental health
• Teens Interpret Measured granting of autonomy as a sign of parental caring

• parents with a dual income are more harmful to adolescent development
• parents that are content with a marriage are more stable

•  Accept less direction from older siblings 
• Become less intense during this time

Peer relations

Friendships

Sex Differences in Friendships

• Emotional closeness is more common between girls
• Boys gather for more activities
• Boys are more close than girls
• Coruminate- repeatedly mull over problems and negative feelings

Friendships on the internet

• Internet to meet new people

Friendships and adjustment

Opportunities to explore the self and develop a deep understand of another

Foundation for future intimate relationships
Help young people deal with the stresses of adolescence
can improve attitudes toward and involvement in school

Peer Relations

Cliques and Crowds

• Cliques- Groups 5-7 member who are good friends (resemble family background, attitudes, values)
• Crowd- Several cliques with similar values for a larger loosely organized group

Peer Relations

Cliques and Crowds

(cont)

• Cliques- At first are same sex, then when dating comes they join
• they are there to establish relations with friends then when older able to break out into couples
• later teens feel that they do not need to broadcast who they are through dress

Peer Relations

Dating

• Asians date later and have fewer partners
• 12-14 Are shorter
• 16 and up are looking to 2 year relationship
• late adolescence looking for commitment
• Friendships = security in relationships
• Lessons in cooperation

Peer Relations

Peer conformity

• Conform to most obvious aspects (dress,grooming,participations in activities)
• Parents have a greater impact on Teens lives
• Teens with Bad families will rely on peer-relations 

Problems of develpment

Depression

• 15-20% suffer from a major depression
• girls are twice as likely to experience 

Problems of develpment

Depression

Factors

• Bilogical and environmental
• heredity
• experiences
• events (failing, Divorce, end of a relationship)

Problems of develpment

Depression

Sex differences

• Biology,It is puberty
• Country based (china; female abortions)
• Associate with "Feminine" traits are more likely to be depressed

Problems of develpment

Suicide

• Third leading cause of death in teens
• Low in denmark greece italy spain
• hight in us japan finland australia canada

Problems of develpment

Suicide

Factors

• boys kill more than girls (instant)
• Greater Family support blacks and hispanics have a lower rate
• Intelligence, Impulsively
• No one can understand

Problems of develpment

Suicide

Prevention and treatment

• Peer support groups
• telephone hot lines 
• removing all weapons
• one death increases the likely hood of another

Problems of develpment

Delinquency

Prevention and treatment

• Positive family relations
• recognizing Delinquency
• therapy long and lengthy