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Emotion & Stress
Lecture Notes from Mind, Brain & Behavior 2210
32
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2009

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Term
Emotion
Definition

Feeling that differs from normal affective state.

Normal varies from person to person.

Conveys info to others.

Term
Basic emotions
Definition

1. Happy  2. Anger  3. disgust

4. Surprise  5. Sadness    6. Fear

Term
Disgust
Definition

fMRI taken while showing disgusting images.

Anterior Insula involved with develop/regcog of disgust

Term
Basic Emotions, expression
Definition

-Inate in all people

-emotional expression differs across culture and gender.  EG, display rules, not ok for boys to cry.

- Facial expressions constant across species

Term
Papez-Maclean
Definition

-Activation of Limbic system produces specific emotions.

- Evidence:

1. Amygdala damage=decreased emotions

2. Amygdala stimulation= production of emotion

3. Stimulation of mesolimbic path = pleasure & reward

Term
Papez-Maclean Circuit
Definition

1. Amygdala/Hippocampus (attach emotion & learning)

2. Cingulate/Septum/Meso (Pleasure & reward, identify certain things)

3. Hypothalamus/Thalamus (Social behavior and survival)

Term
James-Lange Theory & Predictions
Definition

Physiological arousal -> subjective feeling

Snake-> trembling->fear

1. Increase in physiological arousal = increace subjective

2. Different emotions have different physiological activation

Term
James-Lange Evidence
Definition

1. NT levels differ w/ different emotions (Fear increases Epine, Anger increases Norep.)

2. Psychoactive drugs increase brain activity, increase intensity of feeling

3. Autonomic (Involuntary) feelings, High spinal cord injuries have less emotional intensity because less body feedback

Term
Cannon-Bard
Definition

- Physiological arousal & Subjective feelings occur simultaniously (Physiological by autonomic [involuntary] & subjective by central nervous system)

1. autonomic activation same for all emotions

2. subjective feeling can occur w/o physiological

Term
Cannon-Bard Evidence
Definition

-Placebo and Epine injection get same anger response

-(against) Physiological activation differs among emotions (NT levels of nore and epine differ with emotions)

Term
Schacter-Singer
Definition

-Physiological arousal is labeled w/ a subjective feeling after cognitive processing of internal and external situation

- we interpret emotion before labeling it

1. cognitive apprasal of physio arousal results in subjective feeling

2. environment plays a role

Term
Shacter-Singer study
Definition

1. Groups w/ epine and placebo, were either informed, misinformed, or uninformed

2. Placed in happy or unpleasant environ.

 

Term
Stress
Definition
-Physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening stimulus
Term
Positive Stress
Definition
-Eustress, helps body be ready
Term
Negative Stress
Definition
-Distress: Chronic, dangerous for immune system
Term
Ancient
Definition

- Danger of starvation, exposure to elements, and mortal attack

- Survival of the fittest, flight or flight

Term
Traumatic
Definition

-Catastrophic or personal loss

- Catastrophe: Your saftey or someone else's saftey is in danger

- Personal Loss: unexpected or sudden loss of family member, friend, pet.

Term
PTSD
Definition

-Anxiety, worry of something ot happen in the future

-EX: Katrina survivor, witness murder

- Caused by overactivation of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis "Stress axis"

 

Term
Chronic
Definition

- Long term, minimal effect builds up over time

- Societal, burnout, compassion fatigue, daily hassel, life changing event

Term

Societal

 

Definition

- Home, work, school

- unemployment, poverty, racism

 

 

Term
Burnout
Definition

- Continuous stress from work, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization

- Physicians, College Students, teachers

Term
Compassion Fatigue
Definition
-Similar to burnout. Overexposure to other peoples problems leads to exhaustion, stress and numbness
Term
Life Changing
Definition

- Any change, positive or negative can cause stress.

- New job, marriage, college

Term
3 Stages Physiological Stress Response
Definition

1. Alarm reaction: presentation

2. Resistance: Coping, dealing

3. Exhaustion: detrimental effects

Term
Alarm Reaction
Definition

- Activation of sympathetic nervous system by increase of HR, BP, glucose, perspiration, "fight or flight"

- Increase in adrenal hormones, more alert

Term
Resistance: Coping
Definition

- Long term metabolic adjustment of adapting to stressor

- Continued sympathetic NS activity

- Glucocorticoid realsed (stress hormone), irritates immune system whcih makes it difficult to deal with new stressor

- Inhibition of sexual reproduction, reduction of sperm, testosterone, menstruation, ovulation

Term
Exhaustion
Definition

- "Running on empty"

- lipid and Carbohydrate reserves run out

- can result in illness and death

Term
Effects of Chronic Stress
Definition

- More susceptibility to disease because of immunosupression

- Acute stressors evoke natural immune repsonse

- chornic stressors evoke maladaptive immune response

- hippocampus volume reduction, imparied learning and memory

Term
PTSD and the Amygdala and Hippocampus
Definition

- Amygdala sends out immediate signals

- Hippocampus reduced in size in vietnam veterans

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