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EMF121
Intro to EMF
235
Film, Theatre & Television
Undergraduate 1
10/01/2012

Additional Film, Theatre & Television Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
People write on clay tablets that were portable and durable records of transactions and observations
Definition
as early as 4000 BCE
Term
In the middle of the 15th centruy (1400s) _______________ ______________ developed the ___________ _________.
Definition
Johannes Guttenburg - the printing press
Term
in 1835 __________ __ __ __________ developed the _____________ - a system using electricity to allow people to send messages over long distances almost instanteously.
Definition
Samuel F. B. Morse - telegraph
Term
Samuel F. B. Morse developed what way of communication:
Definition
Morse Code
Term
What was the first Morse Code Message and when was it transmitted:
Definition

"What hath God Wrought" in 1844

 

Term
What did the transcontinental line do?
Definition
allowed for messages to be sent and received across the U.S.
Term
in 1876, _______________ _____________ __________ invented the ___________.
Definition
Alexander Graham Bell - telephone
Term
Who was the first person Alexander Graham Bell called?
Definition

his assistant Ms. Watson

 

Term
_____-__-_____ model of communicating is known as mass communication.
Definition
one to many
Term
1690 - first newspaper was called:
Definition
Publick Occurcents, Both Foreign and Domestic
Term
How often was the first newspaper distributed?
Definition
once a month
Term
1833 in New York - the ____ _______ ____ esetablished itself as a daily newspaper.
Definition
New York Sun
Term
How much did they sell the New York Sun for?
Definition
$.01 - known as the Penny Press
Term
1895 - ___________ _____________ developed ___________ ___________, similar to Morse's telegraph but with NO WIRES.
Definition
Gugilelmo Marconi - radio telegraphy
Term
Marconi's radio telegrpahy showed that...
Definition
radio waves could be sent and received over long distances by sending a signal across the English Channel.
Term
What did Marconi send through Radio Telegraphy
Definition
morse code - no human voice
Term
What signaled the beginning of broadcasting?
Definition
Radio
Term
When did music start playing on the radio?
Definition
1920
Term
What was the only form of instantaneous electronic medium for over 30 years?
Definition
Radio
Term
What delevoped most of the programming formats, enjoyed financial success, and was a mainstay in American Culture?
Definition
Radio
Term
When did Television Broadcasting take off?
Definition
World War II
Term
What networks claimed almost 90% of the national prime-time viewing audiences?
Definition
ABC, CBS, NBC
Term
NBC, CBS, and ABC claimed almost ___% of the national prime time viewing audiences between 1946 and 1980.
Definition
90%
Term
What has defied previous models of electronic media since the 90s?
Definition
the internet - the network of all networks.
Term

Each medium can be differentiated by different characteristics:

 

Definition
audience, time, display, distribution, distance, and storage
Term
asynchronus:
Definition
a delay between when the message is sent and received.
Term
 a delay between when the message is sent and received...
Definition
asynchronus
Term
synchronus
Definition
no perceptible delay between the time the message goes out and the time it is received
Term
No perceptibel delay between the time the message goes out and the time it is received:
Definition
synchronus
Term
feed back is or is not true interactivity?
Definition
is NOT
Term
display refers to:
Definition
the technological means used to present information
Term
distribution refers to:
Definition
the method used to carry information to receivers
Term
cognitive effects:
Definition
information, knowledge, to gain insights.
Term
emotional effects:
Definition

influence our attitudes

make the audience more sensitive to the idea

cause our mood to change

Term
behavior effects:
Definition

persuade us to change our behavior

induce us to action

Term
In the late _____'s, people gathered around a ____ in the living room to listen to popular network programs.
Definition
1920's - radio
Term
because of _________, _________ narrowed its focus to attract specialized audiences.
Definition
television, radio
Term
when was the Transistor Radio developed?
Definition
1950
Term
Convergence:
Definition
merging of communications and information capabilites over an integrated electronic network/refers to the blurring of the boundaries between th different types of electronic communication media.
Term
merging communications and information capabilites over an integrated electronic network/refers to the blurring of the boundaries between the different types of electronic communication media:
Definition
Convergence
Term
ISP
Definition
Internet Service Provider
Term

radio delivers _______

TV delivers ___________ & __________

text delivers ______ & ________

internet delivers ___.

Definition
audio, audio & visual, text & graphic, all
Term
RIAA
Definition
Recording Industry Association of America
Term
CNN
Definition
Cable News Network
Term
_______ _______ started WTBS Superstation and CNN
Definition
Ted Turner
Term
_____________ of mass media content is propably the most revolutionary innovation since the printing press.
Definition
digitization
Term
FCC
Definition
Federal Communications Commission
Term
what does the FCC do?
Definition
controls electronic media and controls the use of portions of the electromagnetic spectrum
Term
Digital Terrestrial Radio is:
Definition
HD Radio
Term
IBOC
Definition
In-Band On-Channel
Term
Platforms -
Definition
television sents, telephones, computers
Term
the ___________ ______ of 1996 relaxed most of the limis on media ownership.
Definition
Telecommunications act of 1996
Term
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 relaxed most of the :
Definition
limits on media ownership
Term
with profit margins at __% to __%, independent broadcasters were thriving in the 90s.
Definition
10% - 25%
Term
How do electronic media actually influence us?
Definition
Speech, Customs, and Traditions, styles, sense of ethics and justice, perfceptions, and lifestyles
Term
Tranditional Mass media share characteristics such as:
Definition
audience, time, display, distribution, distance, and storage
Term
electronic media are NOT constrained by:
Definition
time and distance
Term
electronic media have:
Definition
cognitive, emotiona, and behavioral effects on the audience, influencing and chaning people's lives.
Term
the process of ______________ has simplified the format through which information is transmitted.
Definition
digitization
Term
________ involves fewer companies owning more electronic media stations and businesses.
Definition
Consolidation
Term
the speed at which the signal traveled through the wires was the same as the speed of _______.
Definition
Light.
Term
what is the speed of light?
Definition
more than 186,000 miles per second.
Term
as early as 1864, a scottish pshycist, predicted that signals containing information similar to that of the telegraph could be carried through space without the use of wires. In 1873, he published a paer that described radiant waves that were invisible. These waves became later known as RADIO WAVES.
Definition
James Clark Maxwell
Term
James Clark Maxwell is credited for:
Definition
Radio waves
Term
A physicist from Germany used Maxwell's theory to develop a detector of radiated waves in 1886. He set up a device that generated high voltage sparks between two metal balls. A short distance away, he placed two smaller electrodes. When the large electric spark jumped across the gap between the two larger balls, he could see that a smaller spark appeared at the second of the metal balls. It was proof that electromagnetic energy had traveled through the air causing a second spark. HE NEVER PERSUED THE IDEA of using the waves to transmit information but his work is considered crucial to the use of electromagnetic waves for communication.
Definition
Henrich Hertz
Term
Heinrich Hertz
Definition

electromagnet waves

 

Term
first person to successfully transmit the human voice using radio waves. Although he used ground conduction rather than transmitting through the air, in 1892 he supposed communicated the words "Hello Rainey" to his assitant during an experiment at Murray, Kentucky.
Definition
Nathan Stubblefield
Term

Stubblefield

 

Definition
transmitted the human voice through ground conducted radio waves.
Term
canadian electrical engineer, and an engineer from GE, conducted a high speed alternator to carry voice signals. On Christmas Eve 1906 he transmitted voice signal from his home to ships at sea along the east coast of the US. This was believed to be the first publicly received radio broadcast using modulated continuous electromagnetic wves carrying sound wave patterns instead of morse code.
Definition
Reginald Fessenden
Term
Reginald Fessenden
Definition
first publicly received radio broadcast - christmas music on christmas eve to ships along the east coast of the US
Term
developed a radio wave detector in a sealed glass tube that came to be knwon as a FLEMING VALVE or DIODE TUBE. This device was able to detect radio signals that contained human voice but did NOT amplify it.
Definition
Lee DeForest
Term
Lee DeForest
Definition
fleming valve - detected radio signal that contained human voice but did not amplify it.
Term
Wireless Ship Act of 1910
Definition
required a ship of over 50 people to carry a radio that could reach another radio 100 miles away.
Term
when did the Titanic sink?
Definition
April 1912
Term
Broadcasting -
Definition
a term later coined as the mass transmission to the general public. It actually is an agricultural term that describes planting seeds by "broadcasting" - casting them in all directions using a circular hand motion, rather than planting them in rows.
Term
a term later coined as the mass transmission to the general public. It actually is an agricultural term that describes planting seeds by "broadcasting" - casting them in all directions using a circular hand motion, rather than planting them in rows.
Definition
Broadcasting
Term

World War I, the US federal government used _____ to help communicate within its armed forces and among the armed forces of its allies.

 

Definition
radio
Term
RCA
Definition
Radio Corporation of America
Term
when did RCA form?
Definition
october 1919 and began running radio stations that were formerly owned by American Marconi
Term
From 1919-1921, __, ___, ___________, ____, signed agreements to pool their patents leading to a consortium of companies that would move broadcasting to the next level.
Definition
GE, RCA, Westinghouse, AT&T
Term
It was __. ________ _______'s broadcasts on station 8XK in 1916 which became KDKA in 1920 that really began the broadcasting era.
Definition
Dr. Frank Conrad's
Term

______ became the first licensed station in the US.

 

Definition
KDKA
Term
the government redesigned the use of the electromagnetic spectrum, providing 107 channels for radio stations to use.
Definition
The Radio Act of 1907
Term
Radio Act of 1907 assisted in forming the _____.
Definition
FCC
Term

the first national law to extend to the creative community the same ownership protection offered to inventors, engineers, and scientists of their intellectual product.

 

Definition
Copyright Act of 1907
Term
in 1914, the ______________________________ was established to collect _____ _____ on behalf of the composers and authors of songs and other owners of copywritten material.
Definition

American society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers; Royalty Fees

 

Term
1924 congress passed a bill that stated the airwaves belonged to the ________ not the stations or networks.
Definition
people
Term
NBC was formed by combining:
Definition
GE, RCA, and Westinghouse
Term
___ bought AT&T owned WEAF, and the programming repsonsibility of its chain, which essentially took AT&T out of the programming and ownership business and practically elimited the programming competition.
Definition
NBC
Term
radio stations must operate in the:
Definition
Public interest, convenience, and necessity.
Term
in 1928, the US had 3 nationally operating networks
Definition

NBC Red

NBC Blue

and CBS

Term
one of the most famous of its shared radio shows on the Mutual Broadcasting System:
Definition
The Lone Ranger
Term
As _____ grew, _________ declined
Definition
radio, newspaper
Term
Biltmore Agreement:
Definition

2 newscasts per day: one before 9:30 and one after 9 pm

commentary and soft news rather than hard news reporting

use fo the pres-radio bureau which would supply the network stations with news through subscriptions

no radio news gathering operations

no sponsorship of shows

a required statement at the end of each newscast "you can read more about it in your local newspaper".

Term

2 newscasts per day: one before 9:30 and one after 9 pm

commentary and soft news rather than hard news reporting

use fo the pres-radio bureau which would supply the network stations with news through subscriptions

no radio news gathering operations

no sponsorship of shows

a required statement at the end of each newscast "you can read more about it in your local newspaper".

Definition

The Biltmore Agreement

 

Term
how long did the Biltmore agreement last?
Definition
not that long
Term

World War II - after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the radio networks interrupted their broadcast to make the announcement and the next day, President _______ gave a speech that was heard by __ million people.

"A day that will live in infamy"

Definition
Roosevelt - 62 million people
Term
During World War II, the building of new radio stations __________.
Definition
Stopped
Term
Simulcasting:
Definition
shows being broadcast on both radio and televsion
Term
shows being broadcast on both radio and television
Definition
simulcasting
Term

radio was music oriented

 

Definition
1955
Term
disk jockeys-
Definition
people who play music, announce song titles and artists, and read weather or brief news reports.
Term
people who play music, announce song titles and artists, and read weather or brief news reports.
Definition
disk jockeys
Term
stations were categorized into:
Definition
genres
Term
payola scandal
Definition
disc jockey's taking bribes to influence audiences
Term
AM radio
Definition
signals that band from 540 KHz to 1700 KHz
Term
AM =
Definition
Amplitude Modulation
Term
1933-1935: invented FM radio, eliminated static and improvd fidelity of the radio signal
Definition
Edwin H. Armstrong
Term
FM =
Definition
Frequency Modulation
Term
42-50 MHz band for:
Definition
FM Radio
Term
FM band was later reassigned to
Definition
88-108 MHz
Term
1950s - FM stations started to go off air for _____ __ _______ _________.
Definition
lack of financial support
Term
inexpensive receivers from ________ and _______ became readily availabl and youth started to notice superior sound quality
Definition
Germany and Japan
Term
1960s- congress passed legislation to require that all cars have an ____ _______ in them but not an _____ because of the decline.
Definition
FM stereo - AM
Term
FM grew steadily in the late:
Definition
1960s and 1970s
Term
FM revenue grew from ________ - _______.
Definition
10mil to 308.6 mil
Term
1978 - FM surpassed AM For the first time and commanded almost ____% of the national audience.
Definition
75%
Term
1950 - rule of sevens
Definition
limited ownership to 7AM, 7FM, and 7TV stations.
Term
FCC prevented broadcast ownership groups from _____________________.
Definition
owning large numbers of stations
Term
telecommunications act of 1996 ownership restrictions in radio were _______.
Definition
removed.
Term
Churn:
Definition
forcing companies to spend more on promoting the services in order to attract addition new subscribers.
Term

forcing companies to spend more on promoting the services in order to attract addition new subscribers.

Definition
churn:
Term
experiments in TV began in the _____ but commercial television began in the ____.
Definition
1880s  - 1940s
Term
FCC put a freeze on the applications for stations for TV - led to _________.
Definition
cable tv.
Term
2 camps
Definition

mechanical scanning camp

electrical scanning camp

Term
developed mechanical scanning in 1884 in Germany
Definition
Paul Nipkow
Term
1926 - developed a workable system to send live television images to England.
Definition
Logie Baird
Term
what network adopted Logie's system and began broadcasting in 1936?
Definition
BBC
Term
Baird's system used on how many lines of information
Definition
30
Term
until 2009, National TV Standards Committee used ___ lines and now digital use up to _____ lines per frame.
Definition
525 - 1080
Term
westinghouse researcher invented electrical scanning in 1923 with an electrical television scanning system - making better picture
Definition
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Term
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Definition

westinghouse researcher invented electrical scanning in 1923 with an electrical television scanning system - making better picture

Term
Iconoscope
Definition
Camera tube was a photosensitive device that turned light into electrical energy
Term
what else is Zworykin credited for?
Definition
kinescope which was a cathode ray tube (receiver)
Term
1922- inventor who designed a system for electronic tv and in the early 1930s accumulated a number of TV system patents that made improvements to the system developed by the RCA group.
Definition
Philo T. Farnsworth
Term
Philo T. Farnsworth
Definition

1922- inventor who designed a system for electronic tv and in the early 1930s accumulated a number of TV system patents that made improvements to the system developed by the RCA group.

Term
Farnsworth convinced RCA to do what to his patents? giving him what?
Definition
License his patents to give him full control over his inventions and substantial earings to royalties from RCA
Term
Leaders in TV technology in the 30s were:
Definition
RCA, GE, Westinghouse
Term
1939 - a _____ line picture ahd been developed and the station was tansmitting on a regular schedule
Definition
441
Term
TV made its debut in ___ at the New York World Fair introduced by _____ _____
Definition
1939 - David Sarnoff
Term
The first presidential TV address was given by:
Definition
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Term
TV requires __MHz
Definition
6
Term
which companies were encouraged to join the TV industry by the FCC?
Definition
newspaper companies
Term
what is the sixth report and order:
Definition
the fcc's master plan for the allotment of stations to channels and markets
Term
CATV
Definition
Community Antenna TV or modern day cable tv
Term
UHF
Definition
Ultra High Frequency
Term
VHF
Definition
Very High Frequency
Term
_____ does not travel as far as ____.
Definition
UHF - VHF
Term
1962 - all channel receiver act:
Definition
amending communications act of 1934 mandating that all TV sets manufactured in 1964 and beyond must be able to easily tune both VHF and UHF stations
Term
1950s - black and white tv except
Definition
experimenting with color
Term
fcc was concerned because _____ took up more space on the spectrum space for TV
Definition
color
Term
2 competing systems emerged that both fit into the existing 6MHz of channel space allotted for each TV station. The ____ system used a __________ __________ __________ that transmitted a color signal, however it was not compatible with existing black and white tv sets at the time. _________ developed a system that accomplished color TV ____________ rather than _____________. FCC supported _______.
Definition

CBS and Mechanical Color Wheel

RCA and electronically rather than mechanically

fcc supported CBS

Term
When was the Korean and why and how did it effect color tv?
Definition
1951 and it made Color tv less important
Term
1953 - FCC changed its mind on the color tv issue. They decided to go with _____.
Definition
RCA
Term
NTSC stands for:
Definition
Never Twice the Same Color
Term
radios golden age was:
Definition
1930s - 1940s
Term
the financial power that the networks had accumulated from radio was used to:
Definition
bankroll the new medium of TV
Term
independent stations:
Definition
struggled
Term
CBS and NBC had more than ___ of all the stations
Definition
3/4
Term
ABC formed in 1943 but was always a distant ___ in number stations and audience size
Definition
3rd
Term
ABC merged with ______ _______ _______ in 1951 to receive cash infusion and stay in business
Definition
United Paramount Theaters
Term
Du Mont = 
Definition
4th network
Term
Independent stations were either forced to _________ their own or ____ programming material from independent producers or syndicators
Definition
produce or seek
Term
Networks had __________ from __________.
Definition
freedom from regulation
Term
in television markets that had 3 stations or less there were:
Definition
no independent stations
Term
local station provides its airtime known as __________ and its audiences to the network and the network provides a dependable schedule of high quality shows to the local affiliate for most of the broadcast day. In addition, is paid for its airtime. This practice know as ______ _________, is based on the size of the demographic makeup of the audice delivered by the station to the network, its advertisers, and the competition for the stations affiliation
Definition
clearance: station compensation
Term
1950s television was severely restricted by:
Definition
technological factors
Term
most shows had to be produced:
Definition
live
Term
___________ was not invented until 1956 - very expensive
Definition
videotape
Term
1948-1957 networks began looking for ways to persuade people to buy their first:
Definition
tv sets
Term
Most programming came from:
Definition
NYC
Term
Programming was influenced by:
Definition
Broadway
Term
Original TV plays were aired on programs called ______________ that shows different plays each week
Definition
Anthologogies
Term
In the early 1950s, a small group of former FBI agents published a newsletter called ______________ - based on the general attitude of communism
Definition
Counterattack
Term
Another publication described the communist influence in broadcasting and named 151 people in the industry who supposed had communist ties
Definition
Red Chanels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and TV
Term
new employees were expected to take a _________ ______ before working
Definition
loyalty oath
Term
People who were suspected of communist activities were expected to:
Definition
confess and name their associates
Term
Joseph McCarthy, senator from Wisconsin:
Definition
used the fear of communism to make a political gain
Term
blacklisting became:
Definition
graylisting
Term
1961 - FCC chairman Newton Minow stated at the NAB convention that TV programming was a "______ _______"
Definition
vast wasteland
Term
The Commission of Casuses and Effects of Violence in 1969
Definition
senate asked the US Surgeon General to investigate the relationship between tv and violent behaivor; can lead to violent behavior but not the cause
Term
National Education Television
Definition
network became known as bicycle network; didn't allow stations in different locations to air the same program at the same time.
Term
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
Definition
formed in 1968 to support both the prodcuers who created programs and the stations that aired them. However, CPB was not allowed to own or operate any stations.
Term
PBS went on air in 1969 with:
Definition
Sesame Street
Term
involved developing engineering and technology and in marketing video products (i.e. videotapes of programs) to the public. Also, administered the adult learning service which provided televised educational courses for credit up to 450000 students each year. This services was discounted in 2005.
Definition
PBS
Term
Who appoints the leaders of the CPB
Definition
President
Term
HBO is transmitted through what?
Definition
Satelite
Term
PTAR 
Definition

Prime time access rule

prevented network affiliates in top 50 markets from programming more than 3 hours of network shows in prime time 7-11 pm easter and 6-10 central and mountain

Term
Fin/Syn:
Definition
financial interest syndication rule - allowed both independent producers and syndicators to reap bigger financial rewards from successful television programs
Term
Cable tv and affordable sets became accessable in the:
Definition
50s
Term
1984 - FCC upped ownership from 7 - 
Definition
12
Term
ENG
Definition
Electronic News Gathering
Term
1985 GE bought ____________ who is the parent company of ________.
Definition
RCA - NBC
Term
Who bought ABC?
Definition
Capital Cities Communications
Term
Fox was started by:
Definition
Rupert Murdoch 
Term
DBS
Definition
Direct Broadcast Satelites
Term
CW got its name from:
Definition
CBS and Warner Bros
Term
Translator
Definition
retransmitting device - avoids interferance
Term
CATV
Definition
Cale Television Delivery
Term
in oregon 1948, who placed an antenna on top of their hotel to receive signal of a seattle station?
Definition
L.E. Parsons
Term
Who was the other cable entrepenuer to first conceptualize CATV as a local business and used modified equipment purchased from Milton Shapp owner of Jerrold Electronics?
Definition
Bob Tarlton
Term
Cable systems were required by the FCC to arry signals from all "significantly viewed" stations
Definition
Must carry rule
Term
cable systmes were required to carry signals from the big three networks known as the ____________ rule.
Definition
ABC, CBS, and NBC as the Anti-Leapfrogging rule
Term
prevented cable systems from showing a syndicated program from a distant station if a local station in the market was airing the same program
Definition
nonduplication or syndicated exclusively rules
Term
Carriage Rules
Definition
what signals that system carried
Term
Satelite Distribution
Definition
Superstations
Term
HBO stands for:
Definition
Home Box Office
Term

President of HBO

 

Definition
Gerald Levin
Term
First company to deliver nonbroadcast original programming via satelite
Definition
HBO
Term
Established a Copyright Royalty Tribunal to enforce the fees charged to cable companies for the use of imported television signals
Definition
copy right act of 1976
Term

the means by which a community gave permission to a company to begin to serve its residents appointed by the city

 

Definition
Franchising
Term
RFP
Definition
Request for proposals: weigh the merits of the proposals submitted
Term
MSO
Definition
Multiple System Operators
Term
Cable Protection Consumer Protection Act of 1992
Definition
mandated that the FCC had the power and the need to control rates for basic cable subscriptions and set down what broadcast signals cable systems could or should carry
Term
types of Satelites
Definition

Geosynchronus

Middle Earth orbiters

Low-orbit

Term
Geosynchronus
Definition
22300 miles above earth's equator
Term
Middle-Earth
Definition
beneath 22300 but over 1000 miles above earth
Term
low orbit
Definition
non station and travel from 100-1000 miles above the Earth
Term
SMATV
Definition
Satelite Master Antenna TV - also known as private cable
Term
commonly used by apartment buildings and housing complexes, large hotels, resorts, and hospitals
Definition
SMATV
Term
satelites distribute:
Definition
radio
Term

provided programming to stations

 

Definition
electronic transcriptions or recordings
Term
XM formed with the help of:
Definition

investors from Automobile manufacturers

 

Term
XM's only competitor entered the market in 2001
Definition
Sirius Satellite Radio
Term
Satelite radio has or has not become a major competitor to local broadcast radio?
Definition
has not
Term
people are dependent on ______________to_____________ electronics
Definition
point to point :i.e. cell phones
Term
1984 : commercial cell phones called
Definition
luggables
Term
digital sound can be:
Definition
compressed, which allows for more space to be sent out
Term
when digital signal is compressed it is called
Definition
multiplexing
Term
digital signal is;
Definition
interactive
Term
VOD
Definition
video on demand
Term
cable is still a __________ business
Definition
profitable
Term
BMI
Definition
Broadcast Music Industry
Term
retransmission fee
Definition
a fee paid by the cable company to replay a program.
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