Term
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Definition
| Describes any substance that is harmful to an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a poisonous substance that is produced by another organism, usually a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for defense against microbes(THC) |
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Term
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Definition
Used for defense or predation
(Snake, spider, scorpions |
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Term
| Bacterial and fungal toxins |
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Definition
| Used for transmission, colonization, immune evasion |
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Term
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Definition
-Bacterial toxin
-Cell wall component of gram negative bacteria
-Recognized by innate immunity |
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Term
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Definition
-Type of bacterial toxin
-Secreted, soluble proteins
-Can be detoxified
-Recognized by adaptive immunity |
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Term
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Definition
-Bacterial infection spreads to blood, disseminates throughout whole body
-LPS component triggers host innate immune response
-Excessive inflammatory response leads to dangerous drop in blood pressure- septic shock
-Damage is due to the host response |
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Term
| Bacterial specificity of Exotoxins |
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Definition
| -Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria know to produce exotocins |
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Term
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Definition
-Part of RTX family (Repeats in ToXin)
-Single-monomer subunits come together and self-assemble on host cell membrane
-Pore distributes membrane integrity
-Influx/efflux of small molecules and ions cause cell death |
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Term
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Definition
-Bacteria present in under cooked meat are consumed by the host
-Bacterium is phagocytosed by host cell
-Contents of the resulting endosomal vesicle are targeted for destruction
-Bacterium expresses LLO. vesicle degrades
-Bacterium escapes into cytosol, replicates |
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Term
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Definition
-A subunit is active (enzymatic)
-B subunit binds the host cell (attachment) |
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Term
| Internalization of AB exotoxin |
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Definition
-Toxin binds to cel receptors
-Endocytosis of the toxin receptor complexes
-Dissociation of toxin to release active chain, which poisons cells |
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Term
| Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) |
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Definition
-A/B structure-synthesized as a single protein
-Cleaves signaling protein in nerve cells
-Six stereotypes (A-G), four cause illness in humans
-Most potent toxin by weight |
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Term
| BoNT Neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
-BoNT targets neuron signaling mechanism
-Causes flaccid paralysis |
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Term
| Food-borne Botulism (FBB) |
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Definition
-Toxin produced during bacterial growth in can or jar
-Toxin causes disease, not bacterium
-18-38hr incubation, then neurological symptoms: dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speach, skeletal paralysis, respiratory paralysis causes death
-Treat with anti-toxin, supportive care
-Avian botulism |
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Term
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Definition
-Contamination of wound- spores germinate
-Symptoms cause by exotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
-5-20wks exposed to solid foods, esp. honey and corn syrup
-Colonization of gut before competing normal flora are established
-Symptoms: Constipation, weak suckling, generalized weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrinkles and other conditions related to muscle spasms |
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Term
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Definition
-Microbe: Corynebacterium diptheriae
-A/B toxin: synthesized as a single protein
-B-subunit allows escape from host cell endosome
-Release of A-subunit into cytoplasm shuts down protein synthesis
-Host cell death results |
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Term
| Diptheria Toxin and Toxoid |
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Definition
-Damage heart, nerves, & kidneys
-Risk of suffocation |
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Term
| Vaccination with diptheria toxoid |
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Definition
| Toxoid -> treated bacterial toxins so toxic component destroyed, but antigenicity maintained |
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Term
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Definition
| bacillus anthracis- a spore forming bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
-Cutaneous, inhaled,, or intestinal infections in humans
-two toxins for disease:
Pneumonia: Edema factor
Lethal form: lethal factor |
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Term
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Definition
-A+B toxin, but three distinct sub units
-PA (Protective Antigen): B subunit, mediates binding, processed, cleaved to bind EF and LF
-EF (Edema Factor): A subunit, causes cellular eflux
-LF (lethal Factor): A subunit, necessary for lethal effects |
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Term
| Cholera: 2 types of bacteria |
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Definition
-Vibrio Cholerae (CT)
-Enterotoxogenic Escherichia coli (LT)
Two very different bacteria caise similar life threatening diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
-A-5B subunit: synthesized as seperate proteins, but secreted as a single unit.
-B subunits bind to host cells membrane on intestinal epithelium
-A translocates into host cell, inhibits signaling
-Causes ion-gradient and massive efflux of water out of host cells |
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Term
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Definition
Haiti and Dominican Republic
Nigeria and cameroon |
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Term
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Definition
-T cells are activated by interactions with APC's
-T-cell activation leads to pro-inflammatory response
-These interactions are highly specific
-Super antigen doesnt need to match in order to activate |
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Term
| Superantigens over-activate the immune system |
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Definition
-Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
-Scarlet fever (strep)
-Food poisoning |
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Term
| Secondary metabolites-Aflatoxin |
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Definition
-13 types made by various Aspergillus fungus species
-Present in all peanut product
-High- levels are toxic in humans
-Live, DNA damage
-Polyketide synthesis |
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Term
| PK synthesis: Synthase units |
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Definition
Composed of several repeating module protein groups (n), which determines the length of polyketide
Other specialized modules can modify the polyketide |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthase unit + Polyketide (elongation of polyketide chain) -> other modification --> Aflatoxin |
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Term
| Non-ribosomal protein synthesis |
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Definition
-NRPS synthase contains similar functional modules and organization
-Uses free amino acids instead of 2C molecules as building blocks
-End product is a polypeptide chain |
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Definition
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Term
| Other beneficial secondary metabolites |
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Definition
-Vancomycin
-Tetracycline
-Lovastatin
-Cyclosporin |
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