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Emerging Diseases- Slide 14
Intestinal diseases (E coli, Norovirus, Listeria, Shigella, Salmonella)
56
Geology
Undergraduate 2
12/12/2010

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Term
Digestion in the small intestines
Definition
Enzymatic digestion, absorption of nutrients occurs through microvilli
Term
Digestion in large intestines
Definition
Water absorption
Term
Normal flora of the GI tract
Definition
Highest number of microbes in the large intestines
Feces is 50-60% bacteria by weight
Term
Normal flora make-up: Aerobic bacteria
Definition
-E. coli, Enterococcus
-Coliform: a general term referring to E. Coli and related bacteria
Term
Normal flora make-up: Anaerobic bacteria
Definition
-Bacterioides, Clostridium
-Grow in low O2 environments
-Anaerobic out number E. coli ~ 1000 to 1
Term
The purpose of flora in the GI tract
Definition
-aid in digestion
-Secretion of vitamins
-Stimulates development of immune tissues
-prevent colonization with pathogenic microbes
Term
Gastroenteritis
Definition
inflammation of the GI tract
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
can result in loss of salt/water balance in the blood
DEHYDRATION
Term
Common transmission of diarrhea
Definition
-Unclean food
-Excretions from sick or infected humans or animals
-Polluted water
-Unwashed meat
Term
Escherichia coli
Definition
gram negative bacteria
Term
Serotype
Definition
-Refers to distinct variations within a subspecies of bacteria or viruses
-classified together based on their cell surface antigen
-test for recognition by antibody to specific antigen
Term
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Definition
has enterotoxin, travelers diarrhea
Term
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Definition
Invades through intestinal epithelium, bodily diarrhea
Term
Enteropathogenic E. coli
Definition
no toxin, no invasion, hospital infantile diarrhea
Term
E. coli strain O157:H7
Definition
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), kidney failure
Term
E. Coli O157:H7 outbreaks
Definition
Hamburgers- jack in the box
Spinach recall
Ground beef
Gouda cheese
Term
Transmission of E. coli O157:H7
Definition
-20-40% of cattle may carry it asymptomaticaly in their intestines
-transmission by beef contaminated with intestine contents
Term
Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
Definition
A way to trace the source of an epidemic
-Comparing the patterns of DNA bands in isolates from outbreak cases to those from environmental isolates to determine the source of contamination
Term
Vibrio cholerae
Definition
Gram negative bacteria
Term
Vibrio cholerae
Definition
-Causes epidemis cholera
-Ingestion of contaminated food/water
-Bacteria produce toxin
-toxin disrupts salt/water balance in intestinal tract
Term
Symptoms of Cholera disease
Definition
Severe diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting, shock
patients develop immunity but die before it may be helpful due to severe dehydration
Term
What blood type is most susceptible to Cholera?
Definition
O
Term
What blood type is least susceptible to cholera?
Definition
AB
Term
People with Cystic fibrosis mutation may be ______ susceptible to cholera
Definition
Less
Term
Treatment for Cholera
Definition
-Supportive care
-Oral rehydration therapy
Antibiotics do not work quickly enough
Term
Most recent outbreaks of cholera are in
Definition
Zimbabwe 09
Haiti 10
Nigeria and Cameroon 10
Term
What caused the outbreak of cholera in Haiti
Definition
Sanitation problems after hurrican
over 150.000 cases
death toll 1.000
Term
Nigeria and Cameroon Cholera outbreak
Definition
Deaths = over 1500 in Nigeria, hundreds in Cameroon
Sick = over 40,000 in Nigeria
Term
Prevention of Cholera
Definition
Vaccine
3 types
killed attenuated
recombinant DNA
Term
Salmonella sp.
Definition
Gram negative bacteria
>200 species, 1600 stereotypes
Few cause disease
-Many are zoonotic- non-human carriers
Environmental-carried by turtles and other reptiles
Term
Salmonella symptoms
Definition
Acute intestinal disease
-diarrhea
-abdominal cramps
-vomitting
lasts 3-7 days
TYPHOID FEVER most severe
Term
Salmonella and chickens
Definition
Eggs become contaminated by contact with feces- surface of shell
-Bacteria can penetrate shell and contaminate yolk
Term
Salmonella typhi-typhoid fever
Definition
-human-specific
-special virulence factor and capsule
-Symptoms: gastroenteritis, undulating fever, rash
-Complications can be fatal
Term
Prevention for Typhoid
Definition
-Vaccines available
Live attenuated vaccine (oral)
Subunit vaccine (injected)
Term
Shigella sp.
Definition
Gram negative bacteria
Term
Shigella virus
Definition
Humans are the only significant reservoir
-Some strains produce a toxin
Term
Dysentery (Shigella)
Definition
Severe disease when microbe penetrates intestinal wall and invades surrounding tissue ->blood and mucus present in feces
Term
Campylobacter
Definition
Gram negative bacteria
Term
Campylobacter
Definition
Important cause of food borne illness in developed world
-Associated with raw chicken
-Diarrhea, abdominal pain, dysentery
Term
Clostridium difficile
Definition
Gram positive
Term
Clostridium difficile
Definition
-Anaerobic, spore forming bacteria
Associated with depletion of normal flora
TOXIN can cause disease- gastroenteritis with abdominal pain
Term
Listeria monocytogenes
Definition
Gram positive bacteria
Term
Listeria monocytogenes
Definition
-Ubiquitous (everywhere) in the environment
-Gastroenteritis, nausea, diarrhea
-Intestinal infection that can go systemic (CNS)
Term
Listeria is cold enhancement
Definition
bacteria grows at refrigerator temperature
Term
Listeria and pregnancy
Definition
-Infection during pregnancy can have serious problems for the mother and fetus
-miscarriage
-prematurity
-meningitis
-pregnant woman are 20x more likely to develop intestinal infection than non-pregnant
Term
2008 listeria in canada
Definition
Source: contaminated food processing plants in Ontario
-Deli meat recalls
-53 cases, 20 death
Term
2010 Listeria
Definition
Buffalo, NY- Wal mart deli meat
Texas- food processing, 4 deaths
Term
Diagnosis of bacterial infections
Definition
-Normal flora may greatly outnumber pathogenic species
-Culture
-Biochemical tests: series of reactions that help identify specific pathogens
-Serotyping: Determine antigens
-Molecular techniques
Term
Treatment of Bacterial Infections
Definition
-Supportive treatment is key
Fluid/salt replacement
anti-diarrheals
-Antibiotic therapies
Sulfa drugs, cipro
frequently too late or too little
resistance can occur and spread
Term
Rotavirus
Definition
viral intestinal pathogen
Term
Rotavirus
Definition
-Most common cause of diarrhea in children
-dsRNA virus
-Seasonal
-Estimated 500,000 deaths annually worldwide
Term
Rotavirus vaccine
Definition
First vaccine was recalled
2006 Merck live attenuated vaccine (oral) released
reduced hospitalization by 80%
Term
Norovirus
Definition
VERY infectious
-Aerosolized by vomiting
-Within 24 hours of contracting virus acute, self-limiting disease develops
diarrhea, nausea, vomitting
Term
Norovirus
Definition
ssRNA virues
-Frequent outbreaks-institutions
-2009
Term
Viral Diagnosis
Definition
-Often made by history and symptoms
-Usually only diagnosed as an outbreak
-Test for viral antigens in feces (ELISA)
-treatment is mostly supportive
Term
Viruses that infect GI tract but don't cause diarrhea
Definition
-Hepatitis A/E
-Polovirus
-Adenovirus (lung infections)
-Enteroviruses (rhinoviruses, polio)
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