Term
| Digestion in the small intestines |
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Definition
| Enzymatic digestion, absorption of nutrients occurs through microvilli |
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Term
| Digestion in large intestines |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal flora of the GI tract |
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Definition
Highest number of microbes in the large intestines
Feces is 50-60% bacteria by weight |
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Term
| Normal flora make-up: Aerobic bacteria |
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Definition
-E. coli, Enterococcus
-Coliform: a general term referring to E. Coli and related bacteria |
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Term
| Normal flora make-up: Anaerobic bacteria |
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Definition
-Bacterioides, Clostridium
-Grow in low O2 environments
-Anaerobic out number E. coli ~ 1000 to 1 |
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Term
| The purpose of flora in the GI tract |
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Definition
-aid in digestion
-Secretion of vitamins
-Stimulates development of immune tissues
-prevent colonization with pathogenic microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
can result in loss of salt/water balance in the blood
DEHYDRATION |
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Term
| Common transmission of diarrhea |
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Definition
-Unclean food
-Excretions from sick or infected humans or animals
-Polluted water
-Unwashed meat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Refers to distinct variations within a subspecies of bacteria or viruses
-classified together based on their cell surface antigen
-test for recognition by antibody to specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| has enterotoxin, travelers diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| Invades through intestinal epithelium, bodily diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| no toxin, no invasion, hospital infantile diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), kidney failure |
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Term
| E. Coli O157:H7 outbreaks |
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Definition
Hamburgers- jack in the box
Spinach recall
Ground beef
Gouda cheese |
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Term
| Transmission of E. coli O157:H7 |
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Definition
-20-40% of cattle may carry it asymptomaticaly in their intestines
-transmission by beef contaminated with intestine contents |
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Term
| Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) |
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Definition
A way to trace the source of an epidemic
-Comparing the patterns of DNA bands in isolates from outbreak cases to those from environmental isolates to determine the source of contamination |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Causes epidemis cholera
-Ingestion of contaminated food/water
-Bacteria produce toxin
-toxin disrupts salt/water balance in intestinal tract |
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Term
| Symptoms of Cholera disease |
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Definition
Severe diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting, shock
patients develop immunity but die before it may be helpful due to severe dehydration |
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Term
| What blood type is most susceptible to Cholera? |
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Definition
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Term
| What blood type is least susceptible to cholera? |
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Definition
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Term
| People with Cystic fibrosis mutation may be ______ susceptible to cholera |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Supportive care
-Oral rehydration therapy
Antibiotics do not work quickly enough |
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Term
| Most recent outbreaks of cholera are in |
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Definition
Zimbabwe 09
Haiti 10
Nigeria and Cameroon 10 |
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Term
| What caused the outbreak of cholera in Haiti |
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Definition
Sanitation problems after hurrican
over 150.000 cases
death toll 1.000 |
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Term
| Nigeria and Cameroon Cholera outbreak |
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Definition
Deaths = over 1500 in Nigeria, hundreds in Cameroon
Sick = over 40,000 in Nigeria |
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Term
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Definition
Vaccine
3 types
killed attenuated
recombinant DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Gram negative bacteria
>200 species, 1600 stereotypes
Few cause disease
-Many are zoonotic- non-human carriers
Environmental-carried by turtles and other reptiles |
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Term
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Definition
Acute intestinal disease
-diarrhea
-abdominal cramps
-vomitting
lasts 3-7 days
TYPHOID FEVER most severe |
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Term
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Definition
Eggs become contaminated by contact with feces- surface of shell
-Bacteria can penetrate shell and contaminate yolk |
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Term
| Salmonella typhi-typhoid fever |
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Definition
-human-specific
-special virulence factor and capsule
-Symptoms: gastroenteritis, undulating fever, rash
-Complications can be fatal |
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Term
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Definition
-Vaccines available
Live attenuated vaccine (oral)
Subunit vaccine (injected) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Humans are the only significant reservoir
-Some strains produce a toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe disease when microbe penetrates intestinal wall and invades surrounding tissue ->blood and mucus present in feces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Important cause of food borne illness in developed world
-Associated with raw chicken
-Diarrhea, abdominal pain, dysentery |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Anaerobic, spore forming bacteria
Associated with depletion of normal flora
TOXIN can cause disease- gastroenteritis with abdominal pain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Ubiquitous (everywhere) in the environment
-Gastroenteritis, nausea, diarrhea
-Intestinal infection that can go systemic (CNS) |
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Term
| Listeria is cold enhancement |
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Definition
| bacteria grows at refrigerator temperature |
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Term
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Definition
-Infection during pregnancy can have serious problems for the mother and fetus
-miscarriage
-prematurity
-meningitis
-pregnant woman are 20x more likely to develop intestinal infection than non-pregnant |
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Term
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Definition
Source: contaminated food processing plants in Ontario
-Deli meat recalls
-53 cases, 20 death |
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Term
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Definition
Buffalo, NY- Wal mart deli meat
Texas- food processing, 4 deaths |
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Term
| Diagnosis of bacterial infections |
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Definition
-Normal flora may greatly outnumber pathogenic species
-Culture
-Biochemical tests: series of reactions that help identify specific pathogens
-Serotyping: Determine antigens
-Molecular techniques |
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Term
| Treatment of Bacterial Infections |
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Definition
-Supportive treatment is key
Fluid/salt replacement
anti-diarrheals
-Antibiotic therapies
Sulfa drugs, cipro
frequently too late or too little
resistance can occur and spread |
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Term
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Definition
| viral intestinal pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
-Most common cause of diarrhea in children
-dsRNA virus
-Seasonal
-Estimated 500,000 deaths annually worldwide |
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Term
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Definition
First vaccine was recalled
2006 Merck live attenuated vaccine (oral) released
reduced hospitalization by 80% |
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Term
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Definition
VERY infectious
-Aerosolized by vomiting
-Within 24 hours of contracting virus acute, self-limiting disease develops
diarrhea, nausea, vomitting |
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Term
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Definition
ssRNA virues
-Frequent outbreaks-institutions
-2009 |
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Term
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Definition
-Often made by history and symptoms
-Usually only diagnosed as an outbreak
-Test for viral antigens in feces (ELISA)
-treatment is mostly supportive |
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Term
| Viruses that infect GI tract but don't cause diarrhea |
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Definition
-Hepatitis A/E
-Polovirus
-Adenovirus (lung infections)
-Enteroviruses (rhinoviruses, polio) |
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