Term
| Laryngotracheal Diverticulum |
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Definition
| first sign of development in the respiratory system. |
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Term
| What do the lung buds form from? |
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Definition
| they develop from the laryngotracheal diverticulum in the ventral wall of the primitive foregut during week 4 |
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Term
| When tracheoesophageal folds fuse in the midline what do they form? |
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Definition
| They form the laryngotracheal tube ventrally and the esophagus dorsally. |
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Term
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Definition
| folds of mesoderm that separate the laryngotracheal diverticulum |
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Term
| What are the trachea and associated glands derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula |
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Definition
| abnormal communication (fistula) between the trachea and esophagus. generally associated with esophageal atresia and polyhydramnios. |
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Term
| Clinical Features of Tracheoesophageal Fistula |
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Definition
| accumulation of saliva or mucus in the nose and mouth. Episodes of gagging and cyanosis after swallowing milk. Abdominal distention after crying; and reflex of gastric contents into lungs, causing pneumonitis. |
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Term
| How do you diagnose tracheoesophageal fistula |
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Definition
| features incldude inability to pass a catheter into the stomach and x-rays demonstrating air in the infant's stomach. |
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Term
| How many secondary bronchi are on the right and left sides? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many tertiary/segmental bronchi on right and left side? |
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Definition
| 10 on the right and 8-9 on the left. |
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Term
| What is the visceral Pleura |
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Definition
| visceral mesoderm covering the outside of the bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| somatic mesoderm covering the inside of the body wall develops into this. |
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Term
| Bronchial epithelium/glands are derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bronchial smooth muscle, connective tissue, and cartilage are derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Congenital Neonatal Emphysema |
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Definition
| overdistention with air of one or more lobes of the lung. caused by collapsed bronchi due to failure of bronchial cartialge development. air comes in but cannot get out. |
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Term
| Bronchial cysts (bronchiectasis) |
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Definition
| caused by dilation of bronchi. cysts may be solitary or multiple, filled with air or fluid. multiple cysts look like a honeycomb. |
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Term
| In what direction do the lungs develop? |
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Definition
| They mature in a proximal-distal direction, beginning with the largest bronchi and porceeding outward. lung development is heterogeneous. |
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Term
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Definition
| weeks 5-17. Developing lung starts compound gets bushy. gas exchange histology not yet formed. no respiration possible. premature fetus incapable of surviving. |
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Term
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Definition
| weeks 13-25 respiratory bronchioles and terminal sacs develop. Vascularization increases dude to capillaries forming in visceral mesoderm surrounding respiratory broncioles and terminal sacs. born less than 20 weeks gestation rarely survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of terminal sacs and vascularization increases greatly. Capillaries make contact with type I pneumocytes permitting respiration. premature between 25-28 survive with intensive care. earliest. type 1& 2 pneumocytes differentiate |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, flat cells that make up part of the blood-air barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the earliest age a fetus can be born and survive and what are the qualities that determine it's survival? |
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Definition
| weeks 25-28 and the determining factors are vascularization and surfactant levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| weeks 29 - 8 years. lung development continues until age 8. adult complement of 300 million alveoli is reached. increase in size caused by # of respiratory bronchioles and terminal sacs. mature blood-air barier derived from visceral mesoderm and endoderm is established. lung of newborn infant are denser than adult lung because of fewer number of mature alveoli. |
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Term
| What do terminal sacs develop into? |
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Definition
| they develop into mature alveolar ducts and alveoli. |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of fluid with air in newborn's lung. |
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Term
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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Definition
| caused by a deficiency or absence of surfactant, a surface-active detergent composed of phosphatidylcholine and proteins, which coat inside of alveoli and maintains alveolar patency. |
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Term
| What are the hormones that increase the production of surfactant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What damage will prolonged intrauterine asphyxia cause? |
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Definition
| permanent damage to type II pneumocytes resulting lower production of surfactant |
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Term
| If a mother is Diabetic what condition may her fetus suffer from? |
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Definition
| Respireatory Distress Syndrome as a result of intrauterine asphyxia. |
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