Term
1. axis for development
2. directs movement of epiblast cells to create the trilaminar disk |
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Definition
| roles of the primitive streak |
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Term
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Definition
| when is the embryonic period? |
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Term
| neural crest: melanocytes, PNS, adrenal gland, head and neck |
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Definition
| what is the "4th germ layer" and what develops from it? |
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Term
| epidermis skin cells, neuron of brain, pigment cells (CNS, neural crest, epidermis) |
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Definition
| what does ectoderm become? |
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Term
| cardiac, skeletal, smooth muscle, tubule cells of kidney, red blood cell (muscle, CT, blood) |
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Definition
| what does mesoderm become? |
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Term
| lung (alveolar cell), thyroid cell, pancreatic cell (lining of respiratory, GI, GU) |
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Definition
| what does endoderm become? |
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Term
| all major body systems develop, folding of the embryo, umbillical cord formation, segmentation in craniocaudal direction under control of Hox genes |
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Definition
| what are the 4 main evens during week 3-8? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is formed from craniocaudal folding in weeks 3-8? |
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Term
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Definition
| what forms from lateral folding in weeks 3-8 |
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Term
| critical period in development |
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Definition
| period of maximum suceptibility to abnormality during development (esp organ and tissue), interference at one stage prevents proper sequence of events |
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Term
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Definition
| when is it common to have death of the embryo or spontaneous abortion due to defects? |
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Term
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Definition
| when is the primitive streak lost |
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Term
it forms in the mesoderm (middle layer)
migrating cells form a median column of cells, posterior to buccopharyngeal membrane. known as notochordal process/chordomesoderm |
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Definition
| describe notochord formation |
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Term
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Definition
| what is squished out in a herniated disk? |
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Term
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Definition
| what age does a chordoma usually show up? skull/spine |
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Term
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Definition
| avg. survival time of chordoma |
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Term
1 structure-rigid axis around which embryo develops
2-skeletal-foundation upon which vertebral column (vertebral bodies) will form
3-induction-will bring about formation of the neural tube(future nervous system) |
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Definition
| functions of the notochord |
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Term
| group of cells or tissues that makes a signal and sends it to another group to change their developmental path (fate) |
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Definition
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Term
| receives signal from inducer then sends signals back |
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Definition
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Term
| inducer and responder send signals back and forth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most signaling molecules are ___ synthesized by one cell that ____ over short distances to contact other cells |
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Term
| fibroblast growth factors(FGF), WNT proteins, Hedgehog proteins, Transforming growth factor Beta superfamily (TGF beta) |
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Definition
| what are the 4 categories of growth differentiation factors |
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Term
| Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGF) |
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Definition
| 2 dozen genes, 100's of isoforms, Important for angiogenesis, axon growth, MESODERM DIFFERENTIATION (muscular system) |
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Term
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Definition
| 15 proteins involved in limb patterning, some aspects of brain, somite and urogenital differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 genes, (desert, indian, sonic) involved in neural tube induction/patterning, limb patterning and somite differentiation |
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Term
| Transforming Growth Factor Beta superfamily (TGF beta) |
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Definition
| activins, bone morphogenetic proteins, BMPs induce bone formation and regulate cell division, apoptosis and cellular migration |
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Term
| CAMS (cell adhesion molecules) |
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Definition
| transmembrane proteins that keep cells within a tissue bound together |
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Term
| caherins only bind to cadherins of the same type (N-cadherin -N or E-cadhering to E) |
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Definition
| cadherins only bind to what |
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Term
| CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) |
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Definition
| during development this helps groups of cells cluster and migrate together |
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Term
| formation of the neural tube |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specific molecules are produced by cells of the notochord that elicit a response in the overlying ectoderm to begin what |
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Term
| remove inhibitor of neural formation (like BMP-4) |
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Definition
| how do singaling molecules act on the ectodermal cells in neurulation |
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Term
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Definition
| what does ectoderm become by default (without the inhibitor) |
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Term
| BMP-4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4) |
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Definition
| what is the main ectoderm inhibitor |
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Term
| Noggin, Chordin, WNT3a, FGF |
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Definition
| what signaling molecules knock out BMP-4 (on the picture) |
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Term
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Definition
| what rolls up to make the neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
| what does ectoderm become with BMP-4 present |
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Term
| E(epidermis) cadherin changes to N (neural) cadherin |
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Definition
| with BMP-4 removed, what CAM changes to what? |
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Term
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Definition
| subdivision of CNS into broad craniocaudal regions, such as an anterior (head) and a posterior (trunk) region |
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Term
| trunk, but not the anterior brain/head |
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Definition
| the notochord is the major axial signaling center of the _____ but not the ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| head organizer, located cranial to notochord, emits molecular signals instrumental in stimulating the formation of the forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
| on what end of the embryo is the cloacal membrane |
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Term
| neuroectoderm, neural crest, surface ectoderm |
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Definition
| what are the 3 main divisions of the ectoderm layer |
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Term
| brain and spinal cord (CNS) |
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Definition
| what does neuroectoderm become |
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Term
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Definition
| what does surface ectoderm become |
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Term
1) thickening of the neural plate
2) formation of neural folds and groove
3) convergence of lateral margins of the neural plate
4) fusion of the neural plate to form the neural tube |
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Definition
| describe the 4 major steps of neurulation |
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Term
formation of the neural folds and groove
eyes = somites
eyebrows = neural plate + nerual crest + surface ectoderm
nose = notochord
frown = endoderm |
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Definition
| what looks like angry pikachu |
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Term
| contractile filaments in neuroepithelial cells pulls edges of folds together |
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Definition
| what pulls folds together of the neural plate? |
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Term
| middle (then head then tail) |
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Definition
| what part of the neural tube closes 1st? |
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Term
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Definition
| when do neuropores at the caudal end close |
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Term
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Definition
| when is the neural groove apparent |
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Term
|
Definition
| when is the neural fold apparent |
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Term
| crest/plate, groove, fold, tube |
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Definition
| put these in order of formation (neural groove, neural plate, neural fold, neural tube, neural crest) |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the fancy name for neural tube defects |
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Term
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Definition
| when the cranial neuropore fails to close, this occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| when do neuropores at the cranial end close |
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Term
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Definition
| how many waves of neural tube closure are there |
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Term
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Definition
| what wave of neural tube closure is anencephaly thought to occur in |
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Term
| wave 4 and 5 (junction of primary and secondary neurulation) |
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Definition
| what wave(s) of neural tube closure does spina bifida occur at |
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Term
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Definition
| what results from failure of the caudal end of the neural tube to close |
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Term
| occulta, + meningiocele, + meningiomyelocele, + myeloschisis |
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Definition
| name the 4 types of spina bifida |
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Term
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Definition
| may just have patch of hair, can have vertebral bodies lacking a vertebral arch |
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Term
| spina bifida with meningiocele |
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Definition
| meninges are herniated, cord can be normal, and nerves can be normal |
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Term
| spina bifida with meningio myelocele |
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Definition
| cord + meninges herniated out |
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Term
| spina bifida with myeloschisis |
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Definition
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Term
| urinary/bowel dysfunction, locomotor difficulties, reduced sensation |
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Definition
| other abnormalities that can occur with spina bifida (besides the spine stuff) |
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Term
| in-utero surgery (this can also be done for coccygeal teratoma) |
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Definition
| if the hindbrain is herniated (cerebellum pulled through foramen magnum) due to lower spine defects (spina bifida) what can be done |
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Term
| caudal to the posterior neuropore |
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Definition
| where is secondary neurulation |
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Term
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Definition
| remaining neural tube (prominent in animals with large tails, not so much humans) is formed by this |
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Term
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Definition
| what malformations are associated with secondary neurulation |
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Term
| mild form covered with skin, but there is a range of abnormalities including pigmentation, hair growth, telangiectasias (large superficial capillaries) and prominent dimples in the skin (coccygeal pits) TAILS |
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Definition
| how does myelodysplasia usually present? |
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Term
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Definition
| this results from conus medularis and filum terminale being abnormally attached to the defective vertebral column, constant traction damages the spinal cord |
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Term
| loss of sensation in lower limbs and bladder control problems |
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Definition
| what results from tethered cord syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| increased levels of what appear to prevent neural tube closure |
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Term
| some dumb enzyme we learned in biochem that has a FOLIC ACID catalyst, important in neural tube closure |
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Definition
| what converts homocysteine to methionine? |
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Term
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Definition
| how much does folate reduce occurance of NT defects |
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Term
| no, could be metabolic too |
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Definition
| are NT defects caused strictly by diet (ex: lack of folate)? |
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Term
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Definition
| how much folate should be taken every day to decrease occurance of NT defects |
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Term
| AFP's (alpha-fetoprotein) testing. AFP is made in the fetal liver, with an open NTD AFP leaks across the defect into the amniotic fluid, across the placenta, and into maternal serum. ONLY DETECTS OPEN NTDs |
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Definition
| what is a way NT defects are measured-how does it work? |
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Term
| n. crest, and epithelial ectoderm |
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Definition
| of the following, where is BMP-4 present? (neural plate, neural crest, epithelial ectoderm) |
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Term
| organs/systems in contact with environment) Epidermis, hair, nails, tooth enamel, cutaneous glands (sweat, oil, ceruminous), mammary glands, anterior pituitary, lens of eye, inner ear (membranous labyrinth), sensory nasal epithelium |
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Definition
| what comes from epithelial ectoderm? |
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Term
| CNS (brain & spinal cord), retina, pineal body, posterior pituitary |
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Definition
| what comes from Neuroectoderm(from neural plate/folds)? |
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Term
| Sensory ganglia and nerves of PNS (cranial & spinal nn.), autonomic ganglia & postganglionic fibers, Schwann cells, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, pharyngeal arch cartilages. Components of the eye, skull, teeth and skin. |
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Definition
| what comes from the neural crest (everything) |
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Term
|
Definition
| what are Diseases of melanocyte development, function & survival called? |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by a congenital white forelock and multiple symmetrical hypopigmented or depigmented areas
Has been observed throughout history, with the first descriptions dating to early Egyptian, Greek, and Roman writings |
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Term
| nystagmus, strabismus, light sensitivity |
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Definition
| (3) eye disorders common with albinism due to abnormal development from no pigment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Global reduction or absence of pigment in skin, hair & eyes (Oculocutaneous) or eyes only (ocular), mostly autosomal recessive |
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Term
|
Definition
| what pigment disorder did michael jackson have? |
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Term
|
Definition
Loss of melanocytes
Autoimmune disorder.
Other support for autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expression and incomplete penetrance.Possibly environmental effects |
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Term
| transplantation of melanocytes (first sucessful in 2004) |
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Definition
| how can vitiligo be treated? |
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Term
| ectodermal dysplasia syndrome (ED) |
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Definition
| A group of about 150 heritable disorders that affect the ectoderm, the outer layer of tissue in a developing baby. Affects males and females. Must have at least two types of abnormal ectodermal features—for example, malformed teeth and extremely sparse hair. very few types include learning disorders |
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Term
| ectodermal dysplasia syndrome |
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Definition
| group of inherited conditions that can result in a deficiency of teeth, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Small/weak incisor teeth, dry skin, sparse hair |
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