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Embryology: Musc. Syst., Skel. Syst., Limbs, Integument
Lecture #4
157
Health Care
Graduate
08/28/2013

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Term
skeletal muscle develops from
Definition
mesoderm
Term
trunk muscles develop from
Definition
somites
Term
epaxial trunk m. include ____ & are innervated by ____
Definition
deep back m. (transversospinalis group & erector spinae), dorsal rami
Term
hypaxial trunk m. include ____ & are innervated by ____
Definition
all muscles (other than deep back m.) & ventral rami
Term
pharyngeal arches develop from arches & are associated with CNs
Definition
V, VII, IX, X
Term
pre-otic ("ahead of the ears"-referring to ocular) muscles develop from
Definition
somites
Term
*pre-otic ("ahead of the ears"-referring to ocular) muscles are associated with CNs
Definition
III, IV, VI
Term
tongue muscles are divided into two occipital myotomes (intrinsic and extrinsic) and are innervated by CN
Definition
XII
Term
*limb muscles develop from
Definition
somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
Term
*skeletal muscle develops via ______ of myoblasts, making them multinucleate
Definition
fusion
Term
*muscles of the *gut wall form from
Definition
splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
Term
*vessels in the body form from
Definition
somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
Term
*irises, *sweat glands, and *mammary glands form from
Definition
ectoderm
Term
*smooth muscle develops via _____ of myoblasts
Definition
division
Term
*myocardial mesoderm develops from
Definition
splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
Term
*cardiac muscle forms by _____ of myoblasts
Definition
division
Term
*dermatome pattern of deficit and *weak muscle will occur with the loss of nerve at this level
Definition
spinal nerve
Term
*cutaneous nerve pattern and muscle *paralysis will occur with the loss of nerve at this level
Definition
nerve to muscle innervation
Term
an example of a muscle formation pattern in which *degeneration occurs
Definition
galea aponeurotica (covering skull)
Term
an example of a muscle formation pattern in which *longitudinal or tangental splitting occurs
Definition
trapezius/sternocleidomastoid OR intercostal muscles
Term
refers to unilateral shortening of the sternocleidomastoid resulting from an inutero injury
Definition
torticollis
Term
articular and skeletal systems develop from this general layer
Definition
mesoderm
Term
axial skeleton develops from this portion of the somites
Definition
sclerotome
Term
appendicular skeleton develops from this portion of the mesoderm
Definition
lateral plate
Term
*intramembranous ossification begins with _____ secreting an *osteoid-based matrix
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
second step of *intramembranous ossification is the deposition of *____ into the osteoid matrix previously laid down by osteoblasts
Definition
calcium phosphate
Term
final step of *intramembranous ossification involves cells on the surface forming ____ bone, and the central layer of cells forming into ____ bone
Definition
compact; spongy
Term
example of a body structure which ossifies via an intramembranous route
Definition
fontanelles; calvaria
Term
*endochrondral ossification begins with mesenchyme forming ____
Definition
chondroblasts
Term
second step in *endochondral ossification: *chondroblasts lay down a ____
Definition
hyaline cartilage model
Term
lastly in *endochondral ossification, the hyaline cartilage model ____
Definition
ossifies
Term
primary ossification center in *endochondral ossification occurs here
Definition
diaphysis (shaft of bones)
Term
cartilage plate closes when rate of ____ exceeds rate of ____ in *endochondral ossification
Definition
ossification; active growth
Term
growth at primary centers of ossification cause bones to grow in
Definition
length
Term
growth in ___ causes bones to increase ___ growth
Definition
periosteum; circumferential
Term
most diaphyses have ossified at
Definition
birth
Term
secondary ossification centers occur at
Definition
epiphyses (ends of bones)
Term
forms between epiphyses and diaphyses
Definition
epiphyseal plate
Term
deepest zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification
Definition
zone of *active growth (mitosis)
Term
2nd deepest zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification
Definition
zone of *hypertrophy/cell death (increase & die)
Term
2nd most superficial zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification
Definition
zone of *capillary invasion (become vascularized)
Term
most superficial zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification
Definition
zone of *ossification (harden)
Term
this zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification is GREATLY stimulated during puberty
Definition
zone of *active growth
Term
joint type which forms a *capsule, involves a *synovial membrane, and a joint cavity
Definition
synovial
Term
forming of *hyaline cartilaginous joints, such as the costochondral joints
Definition
synchondrosis
Term
forming of *fibrocartilaginous joints, such as the symphysis pubis
Definition
symphysis
Term
forming of fibrous joints such as the *sutures of the skull
Definition
synostosis
Term
forming of fibrous joints such as the *interosseous membrane
Definition
syndesmosis
Term
in the axial skeleton the notochord, ventral, and dorsal spinal cord are encircled by
Definition
sclerotome
Term
each segment of the *axial skeleton has a *myotome (for m.), a *sclerotome (for bone), and a dermatome (for skin) along with its
Definition
nerve
Term
to supply blood to each segment of the axial skeleton, this is found between the segments
Definition
intersegmental a.
Term
*notochord remnants form ___ in an adult
Definition
nucleus pulposus
Term
*vertebral bodies are formed via combination of a cranial half & a caudal half of 2
Definition
sclerotomes
Term
when vertebral bodies form, this is found *between 2 vertebrae
Definition
nerve
Term
when vertebral bodies form, this penetrates the body
Definition
artery
Term
3 sites of *primary ossification centers of the vertebrae; occur at *9 weeks gestation
Definition
body (1) and pedicles (2)
Term
5 sites of *secondary ossification begin to appear at *puberty
Definition
spine (1), transverse processes (2), and annular epiphyses (2)
Term
malignant remnant of notochord
Definition
chordoma
Term
results from a fibrous band; more common in females; may cause Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Definition
cervical rib
Term
can cause nerve damage and/or restriction of blood flow in the subclavian area due to presence of a cervical rib
Definition
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Term
results from incomplete formation of the vertebral arch
Definition
spina bifida
Term
short neck with *fused/hemi-fused vertebrae
Definition
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Term
part of skull that makes up the *face
Definition
viscerocranium
Term
part of skull that encloses the *brain
Definition
neuorcranium
Term
part of *neurocranium formed by *membranous ossification
Definition
calvaria (top)
Term
part of *neurocranium formed by *endochondral ossification
Definition
base of skull
Term
part of *viscerocranium formed by *intramembranous ossification
Definition
face
Term
part of *viscerocranium formed by *endochondral ossification
Definition
pharyngeal arches
Term
fontanelle which closes by *18 months
Definition
anterior
Term
suture which forms between the *frontal bones and closes between 2-8 yr of age
Definition
metopic
Term
severely *depressed anterior fontanelle can be indicative of
Definition
dehydration
Term
*bulging anterior fontanelle can be indicative of
Definition
increased intracranial pressure (possibly due to subdural bleeding as a result of shaken baby)
Term
a *pulsating anterior fontanelle can be indicative of
Definition
normal development
Term
fontanelle which closes by *6 months
Definition
posterior
Term
premature closure of sutures
Definition
craniosynostosis
Term
*sagittal suture closes prematurely; more than half of all cases of craniosynostosis are these; results in a long, narrow, *boat-shaped head
Definition
scaphocephaly; "scapho-"=boat
Term
*coronal suture closes prematurely
Definition
oxycephaly
Term
*asymmetric closure of sutures
Definition
plagiocephaly
Term
skull is too small
Definition
microcephaly
Term
encephaloceles (neural tube defect where brain does not close completely, allowing part of the brain to protude out the opening)
Definition
cranioschisis
Term
*appendicular skeleton ossification occurs via mesenchymal condensation in the limbs followed by
Definition
endochondral ossification
Term
appendicular skeleton ossification occurs ____ to ____
Definition
proximal to distal
Term
ossification centers in appendicular skeleton occur by 12 weeks in most bones, with the ___ being first, at about 8 weeks
Definition
clavicle
Term
secondary appendicular skeleton ossification centers first appear in the distal ____ and proximal ____ by 9 months gestation
Definition
femur (distal); tibia (proximal)
Term
injury to an epiphyseal plate will stimulate ____, which could lead to a difference in extremity lengths
Definition
hypertrophy
Term
bones used in determination of overall bone age
Definition
carpals
Term
a malfunction at epiphyseal plates leading to a relatively normal trunk, but short limbs which reduce overall stature; inherited via an autosomal dominant pattern; *most common cause of short stature
Definition
achondroplasia
Term
excess release of growth hormone
Definition
hyperpituitarism
Term
caused by hyperpituitarism in youth
Definition
giantism
Term
caused by hyperpituitarism in adults
Definition
acromegaly (only PARTS of bones are stimulated to grow and become large as a result)
Term
short stature can be caused by any of these
Definition
hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, Turner Syndrome, achondroplasia
Term
limb buds appear in the *arm around day
Definition
26
Term
limb buds appear in the *leg around day
Definition
28
Term
limbs develop from _____ layer of lateral plate mesoderm, with an apical ectoderm ridge which helps to determine where limbs form
Definition
somatic
Term
all limbs are oriented ____ at first
Definition
ventrally
Term
upper limbs rotate ____ during in utero development
Definition
laterally
Term
lower limbs rotate ____ during in utero development
Definition
medially
Term
during week *4 in utero, limbs are referred to as
Definition
buds
Term
during week *5 in utero, limbs are referred to as
Definition
paddles
Term
during week *6 in utero, limbs develop ____, which are the first sign of different digits forming in the limbs
Definition
rays
Term
during week *7 in utero, selective cell death occurs and _____ form in the digits
Definition
web/notches
Term
week *8 in utero marks ____ in the digits
Definition
complete separation
Term
area innervated by a single *spinal n.
Definition
dermatome
Term
area innervated by a named *cutaneous n.
Definition
cutaneous nerve map
Term
critical period for limb formations
Definition
day 34-36; week 4-6
Term
absence of limb
Definition
amelia
Term
absence of part of a limb
Definition
meromelia
Term
presence of an extra digit; signs of this condition are present in the *6th week of development; inherited via a dominant inheritance pattern
Definition
polydactyly
Term
presence of joined digits resulting from failure of mesoderm degeneration between the digital rays; signs of this condition are present in the *8th week of development; inherited MOST often via a recessive pattern, but may be dominant as well; most often occurs between nerve boundaries in digits
Definition
syndactyly
Term
*medial rotation and plantar flexion of the foot; more common in males
Definition
talipes *equinovaRUS (club foot)
Term
much more rare than talipes equinovarus; foot is rotated laterally
Definition
talipes *equinovaLGUS
Term
result of an abnormally relaxed capsule of the hip; much more common in females
Definition
congenital dislocation of the hip
Term
epidermis arises from
Definition
ectoderm
Term
two layers of *epidermis present at *7 weeks
Definition
basal and keratinized periderm
Term
basal layer of epidermis becomes this
Definition
stratum germinativum
Term
result from a down growth of stratum germinative, creating ridges in the dermis/epidermis interface; completed by *17 weeks
Definition
finger prints
Term
migrate from neural crest to the deepest layer; produce melanin
Definition
melanocytes
Term
*sebaceous and *sweat glands develop from
Definition
epidermis
Term
develop from sebaceous glands and ectodermal cells; first seen at 20 weeks; if this is NOT present, the baby is legally NON-viable
Definition
vernix caseosa
Term
dermis develops from this
Definition
mesoderm
Term
condition when sheets of skin slough off
Definition
ichthyosis
Term
"birth marks"; refers to *benign epithelial vascular tumors
Definition
angiomatous malformations
Term
birth marks occurring in *solid cords, appearing more pink and on dorsal surfaces
Definition
nevus flammeus
Term
birth marks occurring in *hollow blood-filled cords, appearing darker and on ventral surfaces
Definition
port wine angioma
Term
condition when port wine angioma is distributed into opthalmic division of *CN V; can extend deep into the meninges, affecting neural function, causing *glaucoma
Definition
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Term
failure of formation of melanocytes; results in localized patches of *white (piebaldism)
Definition
albinism
Term
develops as a down growth of the *stratum germinativum
Definition
hair
Term
arrector pili muscles develop from
Definition
mesoderm
Term
type of hair developing at *20 wks gestation & is lost in first 2 months post-natal
Definition
lanugo hair
Term
*replaces lanugo hair
Definition
vellus hair
Term
*replaces vellus hair; occurs at puberty
Definition
terminal hair (axilla, pubic hair, facial hair)
Term
loss of hair in *older adults
Definition
secondary alopecia
Term
lack of hair development
Definition
primary alopecia
Term
excess hair
Definition
hypertrichosis
Term
glands which form around hair follicles
Definition
sebaceous
Term
lack of sweat
Definition
anhidrosis
Term
types of sweat glands
Definition
apocrine & eccrine
Term
runs from mid-clavicular to inguinal; appears at 6 wks
Definition
mammary ridge
Term
scale used to determine breast maturity
Definition
Tanner Stages
Term
Tanner stage score of *4 indicates
Definition
breast maturity
Term
Tanner stage score of *5 indicates
Definition
breasts after pregnancy
Term
lack of *nipple
Definition
athelia
Term
lack of *breast
Definition
amastia
Term
*fingernails & *permanent tooth buds begin development at
Definition
10 wks
Term
*toenails begin at
Definition
14 wks
Term
fingernails reach tips of fingers at
Definition
32 wks
Term
toenails reach tips of toes at
Definition
36 wks
Term
lack of finger/toe -nails
Definition
anonychia
Term
*first histological sign of gestation of teeth occurs at
Definition
6 wks
Term
number of *deciduous teeth
Definition
20
Term
number of *permanent teeth
Definition
32
Term
*enamel rises from
Definition
ectoderm
Term
*dentin and *dental pulp rise from
Definition
mesoderm
Term
*eruption of teeth starts at
Definition
6 mo.
Term
teeth start *shedding at
Definition
6 yrs.
Term
all *permanent teeth (except 3rd molars) will be erupted by
Definition
12 years
Term
*3rd molars erupt around
Definition
18 years
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