Term
| skeletal muscle develops from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trunk muscles develop from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epaxial trunk m. include ____ & are innervated by ____ |
|
Definition
| deep back m. (transversospinalis group & erector spinae), dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
| hypaxial trunk m. include ____ & are innervated by ____ |
|
Definition
| all muscles (other than deep back m.) & ventral rami |
|
|
Term
| pharyngeal arches develop from arches & are associated with CNs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre-otic ("ahead of the ears"-referring to ocular) muscles develop from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *pre-otic ("ahead of the ears"-referring to ocular) muscles are associated with CNs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tongue muscles are divided into two occipital myotomes (intrinsic and extrinsic) and are innervated by CN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *limb muscles develop from |
|
Definition
| somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| *skeletal muscle develops via ______ of myoblasts, making them multinucleate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *muscles of the *gut wall form from |
|
Definition
| splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| *vessels in the body form from |
|
Definition
| somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| *irises, *sweat glands, and *mammary glands form from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *smooth muscle develops via _____ of myoblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *myocardial mesoderm develops from |
|
Definition
| splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| *cardiac muscle forms by _____ of myoblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *dermatome pattern of deficit and *weak muscle will occur with the loss of nerve at this level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *cutaneous nerve pattern and muscle *paralysis will occur with the loss of nerve at this level |
|
Definition
| nerve to muscle innervation |
|
|
Term
| an example of a muscle formation pattern in which *degeneration occurs |
|
Definition
| galea aponeurotica (covering skull) |
|
|
Term
| an example of a muscle formation pattern in which *longitudinal or tangental splitting occurs |
|
Definition
| trapezius/sternocleidomastoid OR intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
| refers to unilateral shortening of the sternocleidomastoid resulting from an inutero injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| articular and skeletal systems develop from this general layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| axial skeleton develops from this portion of the somites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| appendicular skeleton develops from this portion of the mesoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *intramembranous ossification begins with _____ secreting an *osteoid-based matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| second step of *intramembranous ossification is the deposition of *____ into the osteoid matrix previously laid down by osteoblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| final step of *intramembranous ossification involves cells on the surface forming ____ bone, and the central layer of cells forming into ____ bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of a body structure which ossifies via an intramembranous route |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *endochrondral ossification begins with mesenchyme forming ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| second step in *endochondral ossification: *chondroblasts lay down a ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lastly in *endochondral ossification, the hyaline cartilage model ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary ossification center in *endochondral ossification occurs here |
|
Definition
| diaphysis (shaft of bones) |
|
|
Term
| cartilage plate closes when rate of ____ exceeds rate of ____ in *endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| ossification; active growth |
|
|
Term
| growth at primary centers of ossification cause bones to grow in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth in ___ causes bones to increase ___ growth |
|
Definition
| periosteum; circumferential |
|
|
Term
| most diaphyses have ossified at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary ossification centers occur at |
|
Definition
| epiphyses (ends of bones) |
|
|
Term
| forms between epiphyses and diaphyses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deepest zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| zone of *active growth (mitosis) |
|
|
Term
| 2nd deepest zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| zone of *hypertrophy/cell death (increase & die) |
|
|
Term
| 2nd most superficial zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| zone of *capillary invasion (become vascularized) |
|
|
Term
| most superficial zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| zone of *ossification (harden) |
|
|
Term
| this zone of cells in a bone undergoing *endochondral ossification is GREATLY stimulated during puberty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| joint type which forms a *capsule, involves a *synovial membrane, and a joint cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forming of *hyaline cartilaginous joints, such as the costochondral joints |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forming of *fibrocartilaginous joints, such as the symphysis pubis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forming of fibrous joints such as the *sutures of the skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forming of fibrous joints such as the *interosseous membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the axial skeleton the notochord, ventral, and dorsal spinal cord are encircled by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each segment of the *axial skeleton has a *myotome (for m.), a *sclerotome (for bone), and a dermatome (for skin) along with its |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to supply blood to each segment of the axial skeleton, this is found between the segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *notochord remnants form ___ in an adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *vertebral bodies are formed via combination of a cranial half & a caudal half of 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when vertebral bodies form, this is found *between 2 vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when vertebral bodies form, this penetrates the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 sites of *primary ossification centers of the vertebrae; occur at *9 weeks gestation |
|
Definition
| body (1) and pedicles (2) |
|
|
Term
| 5 sites of *secondary ossification begin to appear at *puberty |
|
Definition
| spine (1), transverse processes (2), and annular epiphyses (2) |
|
|
Term
| malignant remnant of notochord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results from a fibrous band; more common in females; may cause Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can cause nerve damage and/or restriction of blood flow in the subclavian area due to presence of a cervical rib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results from incomplete formation of the vertebral arch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| short neck with *fused/hemi-fused vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of skull that makes up the *face |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of skull that encloses the *brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of *neurocranium formed by *membranous ossification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of *neurocranium formed by *endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of *viscerocranium formed by *intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of *viscerocranium formed by *endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fontanelle which closes by *18 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suture which forms between the *frontal bones and closes between 2-8 yr of age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| severely *depressed anterior fontanelle can be indicative of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *bulging anterior fontanelle can be indicative of |
|
Definition
| increased intracranial pressure (possibly due to subdural bleeding as a result of shaken baby) |
|
|
Term
| a *pulsating anterior fontanelle can be indicative of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fontanelle which closes by *6 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| premature closure of sutures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *sagittal suture closes prematurely; more than half of all cases of craniosynostosis are these; results in a long, narrow, *boat-shaped head |
|
Definition
| scaphocephaly; "scapho-"=boat |
|
|
Term
| *coronal suture closes prematurely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *asymmetric closure of sutures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| encephaloceles (neural tube defect where brain does not close completely, allowing part of the brain to protude out the opening) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *appendicular skeleton ossification occurs via mesenchymal condensation in the limbs followed by |
|
Definition
| endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
| appendicular skeleton ossification occurs ____ to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ossification centers in appendicular skeleton occur by 12 weeks in most bones, with the ___ being first, at about 8 weeks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary appendicular skeleton ossification centers first appear in the distal ____ and proximal ____ by 9 months gestation |
|
Definition
| femur (distal); tibia (proximal) |
|
|
Term
| injury to an epiphyseal plate will stimulate ____, which could lead to a difference in extremity lengths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bones used in determination of overall bone age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a malfunction at epiphyseal plates leading to a relatively normal trunk, but short limbs which reduce overall stature; inherited via an autosomal dominant pattern; *most common cause of short stature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excess release of growth hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caused by hyperpituitarism in youth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caused by hyperpituitarism in adults |
|
Definition
| acromegaly (only PARTS of bones are stimulated to grow and become large as a result) |
|
|
Term
| short stature can be caused by any of these |
|
Definition
| hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, Turner Syndrome, achondroplasia |
|
|
Term
| limb buds appear in the *arm around day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limb buds appear in the *leg around day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limbs develop from _____ layer of lateral plate mesoderm, with an apical ectoderm ridge which helps to determine where limbs form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all limbs are oriented ____ at first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upper limbs rotate ____ during in utero development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower limbs rotate ____ during in utero development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during week *4 in utero, limbs are referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during week *5 in utero, limbs are referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during week *6 in utero, limbs develop ____, which are the first sign of different digits forming in the limbs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during week *7 in utero, selective cell death occurs and _____ form in the digits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| week *8 in utero marks ____ in the digits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area innervated by a single *spinal n. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area innervated by a named *cutaneous n. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| critical period for limb formations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absence of part of a limb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| presence of an extra digit; signs of this condition are present in the *6th week of development; inherited via a dominant inheritance pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| presence of joined digits resulting from failure of mesoderm degeneration between the digital rays; signs of this condition are present in the *8th week of development; inherited MOST often via a recessive pattern, but may be dominant as well; most often occurs between nerve boundaries in digits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *medial rotation and plantar flexion of the foot; more common in males |
|
Definition
| talipes *equinovaRUS (club foot) |
|
|
Term
| much more rare than talipes equinovarus; foot is rotated laterally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| result of an abnormally relaxed capsule of the hip; much more common in females |
|
Definition
| congenital dislocation of the hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two layers of *epidermis present at *7 weeks |
|
Definition
| basal and keratinized periderm |
|
|
Term
| basal layer of epidermis becomes this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| result from a down growth of stratum germinative, creating ridges in the dermis/epidermis interface; completed by *17 weeks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| migrate from neural crest to the deepest layer; produce melanin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *sebaceous and *sweat glands develop from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| develop from sebaceous glands and ectodermal cells; first seen at 20 weeks; if this is NOT present, the baby is legally NON-viable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermis develops from this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition when sheets of skin slough off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "birth marks"; refers to *benign epithelial vascular tumors |
|
Definition
| angiomatous malformations |
|
|
Term
| birth marks occurring in *solid cords, appearing more pink and on dorsal surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| birth marks occurring in *hollow blood-filled cords, appearing darker and on ventral surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition when port wine angioma is distributed into opthalmic division of *CN V; can extend deep into the meninges, affecting neural function, causing *glaucoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| failure of formation of melanocytes; results in localized patches of *white (piebaldism) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| develops as a down growth of the *stratum germinativum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arrector pili muscles develop from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of hair developing at *20 wks gestation & is lost in first 2 months post-natal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *replaces vellus hair; occurs at puberty |
|
Definition
| terminal hair (axilla, pubic hair, facial hair) |
|
|
Term
| loss of hair in *older adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glands which form around hair follicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| runs from mid-clavicular to inguinal; appears at 6 wks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scale used to determine breast maturity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tanner stage score of *4 indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tanner stage score of *5 indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *fingernails & *permanent tooth buds begin development at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fingernails reach tips of fingers at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| toenails reach tips of toes at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lack of finger/toe -nails |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *first histological sign of gestation of teeth occurs at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of *deciduous teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of *permanent teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *dentin and *dental pulp rise from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *eruption of teeth starts at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all *permanent teeth (except 3rd molars) will be erupted by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
