Term
| Embryonic gut is derived from which layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the superior and inferior membranous boundaries for the primitive gut? |
|
Definition
| The buccopharyngeal membrane and the cloacal membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Which germ layer forms the muscles, connective tissue and mesenteries of the gut, and contributes the mesenchymal component to glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which germ layer contributes to the epithelium of the most peripheral parts of the gut tube (the mouth and the anus)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the foregut? |
|
Definition
| The pharyngeal tube to the liver diverticulum |
|
|
Term
| In the adult, which artery supplies the foregut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The celiac artery supplies blood to which parts of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
| The abdominal esophagus, the stomach, and the superior half of the duodenum. |
|
|
Term
| What are the derivatives of the foregut in the adult? |
|
Definition
| The lungs, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the midgut? |
|
Definition
| The liver diverticulum to the posterior intestinal portal |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies the midgut? |
|
Definition
| The superior mesenteric artery. |
|
|
Term
| The superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to which parts of the adbomen? |
|
Definition
| Everything from the inferior half of the duodenum, to the right two thirds of the transverse colon. |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the hindgut? |
|
Definition
| posterior intestinal portal to the cloacal membrane. |
|
|
Term
| The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to which parts of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
| Everything from the left one third of the transverse colon through the rectum. |
|
|
Term
| What is the adult derivative of the hindgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the mesentary that is around the region of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| The Dorsal mesogastrium or the greater omentum. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the mesentary that is around the region of the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the mesentary that is around the region of the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the mesentary that is around the jejunum and the ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During embryonic development, what two structures form at the rostrol most end of the forgut? |
|
Definition
| The trachea and the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the septum that forms between the esophagus and the trachea? |
|
Definition
| The esophagotracheal septum. |
|
|
Term
| What are three indications for the malformation of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| Coughing, regurgitating, and choking. |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe four examples of malformation of the esophagus. |
|
Definition
| 1) Atresia - complete blockage or a blind ending. 2) Stenosis - narrowing. 3) Short esophagus - pulls up the stomach. 4) Tracheoesophageal fistula - communication between the trachea and the esophagus. |
|
|
Term
| What germ layer contributes to the lining of the larynx, the trachea, and the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lung stroma, the tracheal, laryngeal, and bronchiolar cartilages; smooth muscle, and viceral pleura are derived from which mesoderm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many primary bronchi form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many secondary bronchi form on the right side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many secondary bronchi form on the left side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many tertiary bronchi form on the right side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many tertiary bronchi form on the leftt side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are all the alveoli present at birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many years from birth pass until all the alveoli have formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the branchless gene FGF or FGF-R? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the breathless gene FGF or FGF-R? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the gene that is an antagonist to FGF and limits branching? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two extra cellular matrix components stop growth between branch points? |
|
Definition
| fibronectin and collagen. |
|
|
Term
| What two extra cellular matrix components stabilize bronchiole tubes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Ectopic lung lobes and the factor involved. |
|
Definition
| Extra lobar lung buds due to over production of FGF-10. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 stages of lung maturation. |
|
Definition
| 1) Pseudoglandular 2) Canalicular 3) Terminal sac 4) Alveolar |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Pseudoglandular stage of lung maturation. |
|
Definition
| Formation of terminal bronchioles. No respiratory bronchioles or alveoli are present. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the canalicular stage of lung maturation. |
|
Definition
| Terminal bronchioles divide into two or more respiratory bronchioles, which in turn divide into 3-6 alveolar ducts. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the terminal sac stage of lung maturation. |
|
Definition
| Alveoli are associated with capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the alveolar stage of lung maturation. |
|
Definition
| Squamous epithelium (Type I alveolar cells) lines alveoli, and capillaries form close contacts with alveoli. |
|
|
Term
| Which cells produce surfactant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What syndrome is due to underproduction of surfactant and leads to 20% of infant deaths? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| How are congenital cysts of the lungs formed? |
|
Definition
| Dilation of terminal bronchioles. |
|
|
Term
| During the 5th week of development, the stomach rotates in which direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the stomach rotates, two leaves of folded mesentary fold and fuse to form what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is one of the most common birth defects. How is it caused? |
|
Definition
| It is caused by an overgrowth (hypertrophy) of circular muscles in the pyloric region of the stomach which causes a distention of the stomach and vomiting. |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe organs when they are enclosed in a double layer of peritoneum that connect them to the body wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organs are intraperitoneal? |
|
Definition
| the abdominal esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, transverse colon, jejunum, ileum, cecum and sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe organs that are not suspended in mesenteries, but lie against the posterior body wall and are covered by as single layer of peritoneum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organs are retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
| thoracic esophagus and rectum |
|
|
Term
| Which organs are secondarily retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
| the duodenum, pancreas ascending and descending colon |
|
|
Term
| The hepatic diverticulum from the primitive gut endoderm grows into the septum to form what two structures? |
|
Definition
| hepatocytes and hepatic ducts |
|
|
Term
| The mesenchyme of the septum transversum gives rise to which structures? |
|
Definition
| the stroma, hematopoietic cells and Kupffer cells of the liver |
|
|
Term
| The ventral mesentery arises from an interaction of what two structures? |
|
Definition
| the gut and the transverse septum |
|
|
Term
| The growth of the liver stretches the mesoderm between the septum and the ventral abdominal wall, creating what structure? |
|
Definition
| the membranous falciform ligament. |
|
|
Term
| The free, caudal margin of the falciform ligament contains what vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The umbilical vein at birth is transformed into which structure? |
|
Definition
| the round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres hepatis). |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'bare area of the liver'? |
|
Definition
| The area of the liver directly in contact with the septum that is not covered by mesentery |
|
|
Term
| What does the 'bare area of the liver' become after birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mesenchyme of the transverse septum between the liver and the ventral border of the stomach and duodenum is stretched to form what structure? |
|
Definition
| the membranous lesser omentum |
|
|
Term
| What is contained by the ventral margin of the lesser omentum? |
|
Definition
| bile duct, portal vein and hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| What structures form from a secondary outgrowth of the duodenal endoderm that fuses to the hepatic duct and forms the common bile duct? |
|
Definition
| Gall bladder and cystic duct |
|
|
Term
| How does the pancreas begins its life? |
|
Definition
| as a dorsal pancreatic bud and a smaller ventral pancreatic bud, near the bile duct |
|
|
Term
| How does the ventral bud rotate to fuse with the dorsal bud? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the main pancreatic duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Annular pancreas formed and what are the complications? |
|
Definition
| It is formed by the ventral pancreatic bud splitting, with one half rotating clockwise (as normal) and the other half rotating counterclockwise. The resulting fused pancreas completely encircles the duodenum, causing obstruction. |
|
|
Term
| Is the spleen a derivative of the gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what structure is the spleen derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Initially the spleen serves what function and after 23 weeks what is its next function? |
|
Definition
| first hematopoietic, then lymphatic |
|
|
Term
| Describe the formation of the midgut. |
|
Definition
| Primary intestinal loop forms. Loop herniates and rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise. Loop elongates and fold. Loop returns to the gut and rotates 180 degrees counterclockwise. |
|
|
Term
| During retraction of the midgut, what usually happens to the vitelline duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intestines fail to return to the abdomen and are covered only with the amniotic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obstruction or knotting of the intestines due to abnormal rotations, including non-rotation, reversed rotation and mixed rotation |
|
|
Term
| What is Meckel’s diverticulum? |
|
Definition
| persistence of the vitelline duct as a small intestinal diverticulum of the ileum. The diverticulum can remain attached to the umbilicus by an omphalomesenteric fistula or ligament, and produce symptoms similar to appendicitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most caudal portion of the gut tube, continuous with the allantois |
|
|
Term
| The urorectal septum forms to partition the cloaca into what two structures? |
|
Definition
| The rectum and the urogenital sinus. |
|
|
Term
| What does the urorectal septum form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lower third of the anorectal canal that is formed by an ectodermal invagination |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the border between the superior end of the anal pit and the rectum that is demarcated by mucosal folds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an imperforate anus? |
|
Definition
| when the anal pit fails to develop or to cavitate and the separation between the ectodermal and endodermal regions of the rectum persists |
|
|
Term
| What is Hirschsprung’s disease? |
|
Definition
| a defect in neural crest migration that leaves the distal parts of the colon without myenteric innervation. The resulting lack of peristalsis cause fecal retention and abdominal distention. |
|
|
Term
| What are rectoanal atresias and fistulas? |
|
Definition
| due to mispositioning of the cloacal membrane. When the cloaca is too small, the cloacal membrane is shortened and shifted anteriorly, causing the hindgut to open into the urogenital sinus at an abnormal anterior position |
|
|
