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Embryology-Fertilization/Gastrulation
Cole 1/12/11 lecture
121
Medical
Undergraduate 4
01/22/2011

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Term
congenital, ex: congenital syphilis
Definition
condition is present at birth, may not necessarily be genetic
Term
genetic
Definition
condition is inherited from parents genome
Term
gametogenesis
Definition
process by which gametes(oocytes and spermatazoa) are produced
Term
meiosis
Definition
specialized process of cell division to distribute chromosomes among gametes and increase genetic variablity
Term
4
Definition
# of gametes resulting from spermatogenesis
Term
1 ovum + 3 polar bodies
Definition
# of gametes resulting from oogenesis
Term
uterine tube
Definition
dr. cole does not like the name fallopian tube, call it the
Term
zona pellucida, corona radiata
Definition
2 outer layers of the oocyte
Term
cornona radiata
Definition
ragged layer of oocyte with sperm receptors. makes hormones
Term
2 million:1
Definition
sperm to egg ratio
Term
has to keep going 6 days before implantation
Definition
why the egg is so big
Term
acrosomes
Definition
chemicals in the head of the sperm
Term
lateral third of uterine tube (ampulla)
Definition
where fertilization occurs
Term
restriction event
Definition
go down a path, cannot go back, choose A or B
Term
penetration of the corona radiata
Definition
phase 1 of fertilization
Term
sperm binding protein (SED1 protein) and penetration of zona
Definition
phase 2 of fertilization
Term
acrosome reaction
Definition
sperm digests and moves through zona pellucida
Term
zona (cortical) reaction
Definition
2 component reaction that prevents more sperm from penetrating the egg (shock the sperm then shut the door on them)
Term
fast component
Definition
part of cortical reaction that changes the resting potential of the oocyte plasma membrane, preventing further binding of sperm
Term
slow component
Definition
part of cortical reaction where there is a release of cortical granules containing enzymes that destroy sperm receptors (ZP3)
Term
sperm head and tail enter oocyte, second meiotic division (for egg) with production of second polar body
Definition
phase 3 of fertilization
Term
unequal contribution of cytoplasm, equal contribution of genetic material
Definition
how polar body is produced
Term
monozygotic
Definition
identical twins
Term
monozygotic
Definition
twins form when a single fertilized egg splits into two genetically identical parts
Term
dizygotic twins
Definition
fraternal twins
Term
dizygotic twins/fraternal
Definition
twins develop when two separate eggs are fertilized and implant in the uterus-genetic condition is no different than siblings born at separate times -might or might not look alike
Term
polar twins (half identical)
Definition
believed to occur when the mother's egg splits before fertilization and the polar body is also fertilized by a different sperm
Term
polar twins
Definition
twins share half their genes in common (from mother) and the other half different(from 2 sperm)
Term
no DNA based test, usually discovered when twins, thought to be identical, cannot donate organs b/c they don't match
Definition
is there a way to tell if a twin is polar
Term
mosaicism
Definition
condition where cells within one individual have different genetic makeup, some have normal number of chromosomes, others do not (NOT A FERTILIZATION EVENT)
Term
mitotic non-dysjunction early in cellular division
Definition
possible cause of mosaicism
Term
gonadal/tissue mosaicism or chimerism (40 cases)
Definition
can lead to offspring who's DNA don't match the parents
Term
mosaicism
Definition
genetically different cells, same zygote
Term
chimera
Definition
genetically different cells from different zygotes
Term
chimerism
Definition
multiple cell lines (genotypes) with a different set of chromosomes in a single individual
Term
chimerism
Definition
fraternal twins fuse to form a single individual
Term
chimera
Definition
can cause individual with bilateral "asymmetry" penis/testicle and ovary/uterine tube. mix of XY and XX (IVF)
Term
chimerism
Definition
happens a lot with in vitro fertilization, possibly caused by IVF, unknown prevalence
Term
12 hours
Definition
how long it takes for sperm and egg to fuse in mammals
Term
zygote
Definition
after nuclear fusion, where 2 haploid cells fuse into a diploid cell it is called this
Term
fusion of pronuclei
Definition
after this, returns the gamete(s) to diploid chromosome number and mitotic division of the zygote begins (embryogenesis)
Term
cleavage
Definition
series of mitotic divisions
Term
blastomere
Definition
name of one of the identical cells after cleavage of the zygote
Term
cleavage
Definition
step in embryogenesis when mosaicism could occur
Term
morula
Definition
16 -32 cell mulberry stage(solid ball of cells), cell increased in number not size, cells undifferentiated
Term
compaction
Definition
due to restricted space, the cell divides but doesn't increase in size, due to presence of zona pellucida
Term
blastula
Definition
after cleavage begins, zygote becomes this
Term
segregation
Definition
process where cells become inner cells (embryo)or outer cells (placenta)
Term
blastocyst
Definition
stage where cells fit into roosevelt's eyeball
Term
8 cell stage
Definition
last stage blastomeres are considered totipotent
Term
cavitation
Definition
process of formation of the blastocoele
Term
week 1, blastocyst
Definition
stage that has 1 cavity, 1 inside layer, and 1 outside layer
Term
blastocyst cells secrete proteases which digest the proteins of the zona p. the embryo escapes!
Definition
how does hatching of the embryo occur?
Term
inner cell mass, outer cell mass, blastocyst cavity
Definition
what layers form when the cell is considered a blastocyst
Term
blastocyst cavity
Definition
forms when fluid is secreted in the morula
Term
embryoblast
Definition
other name for inner cell mass
Term
trophoblast
Definition
other name for outer cell mass
Term
embryoblast, trophoblast, blastoceole
Definition
layers at the end of week 1
Term
embryoblast-these cells are pleuripotent, not totipotent!
Definition
where "stem cells" actually come from
Term
pluripotent NOT totipotent, cannot make the whole organism
Definition
what kind of potent are "stem cells"
Term
totipotent
Definition
stem cell that can grow into an entire organism and even produce extraembyonic tissues (fetal portion of the placenta -blastomeres are this
Term
pleuripotent
Definition
these stem cells can make any cells derived from the 3 germ layers, but cannot grow into an entire organism
Term
monozygotic, dichoriotic
Definition
twins with 2 blastocysts, implant separately after dividing
Term
monozygotic, monochoriotic
Definition
twins that form from 1 outer cell mass but 2 inner
Term
conjoined/siamese twins
Definition
twins with incomplete division of the inner cell mass (incomplete divison of monozygotic twins)
Term
conjoined twins
Definition
due to secondary fusion of inner cell mass, or development of 2 primitive streaks
Term
ischiophagus/omphalophagus and dicephalus tribrachius
Definition
2 types of conjoined twins
Term
conjoined twins joined at the abdomen and pelvis sharing a kidney, liver, bladder, and large intestine as well as other organs
Definition
describe ishiophagus/omphalopagus
Term
two heads, one body with 2 legs, and 2,3, or 4 arms
Definition
describe dicephalus tribrachius
Term
parasitic twin (craniopagus parasisticus-2nd bodiless head)
Definition
smaller but often complete portion of the body of a second twin protrudes from the body of the normal twin
Term
fetus in fetu
Definition
aka inclusion twinning
Term
fetus in fetu
Definition
rare abnormailty which involves a fetus trapped within its twin
Term
protein abnormality in Sonic hedgehog protein SHh
Definition
what causes craniofacial duplication (diprosopus)
Term
implantation
Definition
first step in placentation, changes in blastocyst to attach to and penetrate the endometrial lining of the uterus
Term
glycogen and lipids
Definition
what is in the endometrial lining for the blastocyst?
Term
implantation issues
Definition
cause of infertility having to do with the lining of the uterus
Term
cytotrophoblast + syncytiotrophoblast
Definition
in week 2 what layers form from the trophoblast
Term
implantation bleeding: cells of the trophoblast chew their way into the endometrium
Definition
what is spotting?
Term
epiblast and hypoblast
Definition
what does the embryoblast form in week two?
Term
yolk sac
Definition
what the hypo blast becomes
Term
differentiation of the embryoblast
Definition
second occurrence of differentiation of cell types
Term
implantation
Definition
differentiation of the trophpblast into 2 cellular layers
Term
trophoblast, embryoblast
Definition
what two things differentiate during implantation
Term
bilaminar embryonic disk
Definition
flat ovoid disk comprised of the epiblast and hypoblast
Term
epiblast
Definition
clefts develop and coalesce to form the amniotic cavity from what (these cells also secrete fluid)
Term
syncitotrophoblast
Definition
secretes HcG to tell the uterus to mantain pregnancy
Term
human chorionic gonadotropin
Definition
hormone detected in urine to indicate pregnancy
Term
day 7-8 soonest, when trophoblast forms syncitotrophoblast
Definition
when is Hcg secreted
Term
1. uterine tubes dont stretch so the burst
2. body is not designed to shut off the blood supply like the uterus, so there is a good chance for momma to bleed out
Definition
why it is bad to have an ectopic pregnancy
Term
weeks 3-7
Definition
critical period of development
Term
weeks 1-2
Definition
how long is the embryo not suceptible to teratogens
Term
CNS, heart, upper limbs, eyes, lower limbs, teeth, palate, external genitalia, ear
Definition
what develops in the critical period (on the graph)
Term
syncitiotrophoblast
Definition
where do the trophoblastic lacunae form
Term
syncitotrophoblast
Definition
what chews through the endometrium to get to the blood supply?
Term
yolk sac cavity
Definition
cavity formed from hypoblast
Term
amniotic cavity
Definition
cavity formed from epiblast
Term
where the maternal blood spills in and fuses into the cytotrophoblast?
Definition
what are trophoblastic lacunae
Term
extraembrionic mesoderm
Definition
derrived from epiblast and yolk sac, found between cytotrophoblast and yolk sac (surrounds everything kind of separating the embryoblast and trophoblast)
Term
extraembryonic coelom
Definition
forms in the extraembryonic mesoderm and fills with fluid
Term
extraembryonic coelom merged together
Definition
becomes the chorionic cavity
Term
syncitiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, XE mesoderm
Definition
3 layers of the trophoblast (chorion)
Term
chorion
Definition
fetal contribution to the placenta
Term
chorion
Definition
forms the connecting stalk which becomes the umbillicus
Term
chorion/chorionic cavity
Definition
first set of extraembryonic membranes
Term
inside the chorion
Definition
amnion and amniotic cavity are found where
Term
amniotic cavity
Definition
excessive growth of what cavity fills the uterine cavity and obliterates the chorionic cavity
Term
cytotrophoblast, and invade the synctiotrophoblast
Definition
chorionic vili form from what
Term
gastrulation
Definition
formation of germ layers(trilaminar disk) and establishment of the body morphology
Term
primitive streak
Definition
future axis of the embryo
Term
appearance of primitive streak (+ buccopharyngeal membrane)
Definition
marks the beginning of gastrulation
Term
conjoined twins
Definition
results from two primitive streaks that do not separate
Term
epiblast cells (they migrate to the center and tunnel underneath making a streak)
Definition
primitive streak forms from what layer
Term
caudal
Definition
which direction does the primitive streak elongate
Term
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Definition
from bottom to top, germ layers
Term
sacrococcygeal teratoma
Definition
derrivitives of all three germ layers, remnants of the primitive streak, "common" tumor type in newborn (1:35,000). bizarre mixture of tissue types
Term
caudal dyspalasia syndrome/sacral agenesis
Definition
ranges from minor abnormalities to comeplete underdevelopment or fusion of limbs, caused by abnormal gastrulation-migration of mesoderm is disturbed VATER
Term
Vertebral abnormalities, Anal atresia, TracheoEsophageal fistula & Renal defects
Definition
what does VATER stand for in caudal dysplasia
Term
primitive streak, 3 germ layers, notochord
Definition
3 major occurrences in week 3
Term
notochord
Definition
forms the vertebral column
Term
induction
Definition
brings about formation of the neural tube (future nervous system)
Term
chordoma
Definition
rare, usually developes in occipital region or sacrococcygeal region, more common in males ,usually develops in middle age
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