Term
|
Definition
| the foregut(esophagus) is posterior/anterior to the heart? |
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Term
|
Definition
which is early phase of development, which is late?
A)mechanism of bronchial branching and cytodifferentiation
B)positioning of lung primordium and primary lung bud formation |
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Term
| TBX4 from T-box transcription factor gene family (beta?) |
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Definition
| determines location of the outgrowth of the foregut, also induces formation, growth and continued differnetiation of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| what's produced in increase by adjacent mesoderm in the early phase of lung development that is also important in limb patterning? |
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Term
| endoderm surrounding the foregut |
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Definition
| where are TBX4 genes expressed in the early phase of lung development? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is in accuatane and rogaine that is bad for fetuses in excess? |
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Term
| week four, formation of the laryngeotracheal(respiratory) diverticulum |
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Definition
| when does lung development begin, and what structure forms first? |
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Term
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Definition
| outgrowth of the foregut(future esophagus) into the surrounding ____ _____ begins lung development |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the connection between the gut and respiratory tract? |
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Term
| the laryngeal orifice, supporting cartilages of the larynx |
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Definition
| what does the original opening (of the diverticulum)? become, what does the surrounding mesenchyme become? |
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Term
| distally, the tracheoesophageal septum |
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Definition
| which direction does the laryngeotracheal diverticulum grow? what separates it from the esophagus? |
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Term
| tracheoesophageal fistula |
|
Definition
| most common malfmormation of the trachea |
|
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Term
| tracheoesophageal fistula |
|
Definition
| abnormal communication between trachea and esophagus |
|
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Term
| improper formation of tracheoesophageal septum |
|
Definition
| what causes tracheoesophageal fistula? |
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Term
| a blind ending of the esophagus |
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Definition
| what is esophageal atresia? |
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Term
EA with distal TEF
(followed by Isolated EA 8%, isolated TEF4%, EA with proximal TEF 1%, and then EA with double TEF1%) |
|
Definition
| what is the most common combo of esophageal atresia/ tracheoesopogeal fistula? |
|
|
Term
polyhydramnios
assoc with CNS abnormalities & esophageal atresia (including TEF)
this happens because the baby normally swallows amniotic fluid in development and pees it back out, but babies with a blind esophagus(atresia)- cannot swallow, so that can cause fluid to buildup |
|
Definition
| term for high volume of amniotic fluid, what is it associated with? |
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|
Term
diagnosed: 1) baby presents with excessive drooling (Salivation) frequently accompanied by choking, coughing, and sneezing.
2)When fed the baby swallows normally, but will cough and struggle as the fluid returns through the nose and mouth
3) the infant may become cyanotic from laryngeospasm, and sto pbreathing as fluid spills from the blind pouch and is aspirated into the trachea and lungs |
|
Definition
| how are EA and TEF diagnosed? |
|
|
Term
| remove the chunk of esophagus with the fistula then rejoin the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
type 1: supraglottic interarytenoid cleft
type 2: partial cricoid cleft
type 3: total cricoid cleft
type 4: laryngoesophageal cleft (tricky to remove) |
|
Definition
| what kind of clefts can you get in a laryngotrachealesophageal cleft abnormality? |
|
|
Term
1)generalized hypOplasia (overall narrow)
2)funnel-like narrowing
3)segmental stenosis
baloon dilation and tracheal stents |
|
Definition
| what kinds of tracheal stenosis can you get? how is this treated? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when do the lung buds divide into 2 bronchial buds? |
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Term
|
Definition
| when do the lobes begin development, and what tissue are they derrived from? |
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|
Term
visceral -the lungs grow into msplanchnic mesoderm
parietal = somatic mesoderm |
|
Definition
what is visceral pleura derrived from?
what is parietal pleura derrived from? |
|
|
Term
smooth muscle, nerves, blood vessels, and visceral pleura
endoderm = the respiratory epithelium |
|
Definition
| what does splanchnic mesoderm become in the lungs? what forms from endoderm? |
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|
Term
a single pulmonary vein from the posterior left atrium anasomoses with veins forming in mesoderm around developing bronchioles
(this is weird because they form separately the join together-says Cole) |
|
Definition
| what do the pulmonary veins start as? |
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|
Term
| also surrounding mesenchyme |
|
Definition
| what regulates the pattern of branching of lung endoderm |
|
|
Term
| max surface area/gas exchange with min resistance |
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Definition
| human lungs are optimized for maximum _____ and the pattern of segmentation is optimized for minimal _____ |
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Term
|
Definition
| airway segment length is never ____ it's diameter |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased alveolar area (more branches) increases resistance with decreased ____ |
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|
Term
1) Embryonic
2) (psudo) glandular
3) canalicular
4) terminal sac
5) postnatal (alveolar) |
|
Definition
| List the stages of lung development in order |
|
|
Term
initial formation of resp. diverticulum up to formation of segmental bronchi
lungs grow into pleural cavities
differentiation of pleura
(no gas exchange) |
|
Definition
| what happens in the embryonic stage? |
|
|
Term
major formation and growth of duct systems withing bronchopulmonary segments
(no gas exchange)
-segmental to terminal bronchi
looks like a gland histologically
start of vasculogenesis |
|
Definition
| what happens in the (pesudo) glandular stage? |
|
|
Term
| vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) |
|
Definition
| induction of vasculogenesis is mediated by ____ which is expressed in the epithelium of terminal buds in the human fetal lung during late pseudoglandular phase |
|
|
Term
formation of resp. bronchioles and terminal sacs (primitive alveoli)
vascularization increases
capillaries found in walls
-first chance of a viable fetus |
|
Definition
| what happens in the canalicular stage that is soooo imporatant? |
|
|
Term
| alveoli (terminal sacs) develop from resp. bronchioles epithelium lining alveoli differentiates into 2 cell types surfactant starts being made |
|
Definition
| what happens in the terminal sac phase? |
|
|
Term
| help form the blood-air barrier |
|
Definition
| what do type 1 pneumocytes do? |
|
|
Term
| produce surfactant which decreases surface tension and faciliates alveolar expansion |
|
Definition
| what do type 2 pneumocytes do? |
|
|
Term
24-26 = ok
28 wk = good, likely going to live |
|
Definition
| how many weeks is there OK sufractant in the baby? GOOD surfactant? |
|
|
Term
separation of pre-existing alveoli to form 90% of total alveoli a person will have
this happens until age 10 |
|
Definition
| what happens in the postnatal(alveolar stage? |
|
|
Term
| at least 10%, up to 90% form after |
|
Definition
| what percent of alveoli form before birth? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do lung development phases overlap? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what creature is pictured on slide 45? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what are typically asymptomatic, relatively common, abnormalities that result from abnormal division and lobation? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| characterized by the presence of the bronchus to the right upper lobe emerging directly from the trachea close to the carina (2% of cases)? |
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Term
|
Definition
| believed to form from additional respiratory buds of the foregut, occur along the esophagus or trachea |
|
|
Term
ectopic endodermal budding
tracheoesophogeal fistula
and ectopic Tbx4 expression |
|
Definition
| misexpression of FGF10 causes this |
|
|
Term
less than 28 = 60%
less than 37 = 5% |
|
Definition
| what percent of respiratory distress syndrom cases occur in infants less than 28 weeks gestation? less than 37 (more than 28)? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| incomplete expansion or collapse of parts or a whole lung |
|
|
Term
| collapsed alveoli and alveolar ducts + respiratory bronchi are dilated |
|
Definition
| in infant respiratory distress syndrom the histo examination of the lungs has a cahracteristic appearance of ? |
|
|
Term
collapsed alveoli and alveolar ducts + respiratory bronchi are dilated
-the lining of alveolar ducts is covered with frbrin rich hyaline membranes (damaged cells from collapsed alveoli)
within alveolar spaces, cellular debris, proteinaceous edema fluid and some red blood cells accumulate |
|
Definition
| in infant respiratory distress syndrom the histo examination of the lungs has a cahracteristic appearance of ? |
|
|
Term
hyaline membrane disease
see alveoli filled with debris in a near uniform distribution
0get ground glass appearance on chest x-ray |
|
Definition
| what is the old name for infant respiratory distress syndrome? what do you see on the x-ray? |
|
|
Term
(NOT true emphysema!!!)
alveoli walls are not destroyed
you get over-distention with air of one or more lobes of the lung caused by collapsed bronchi (the cartilage doesn't develop)
bad if bilateral, unilateral can live |
|
Definition
| what is congenital neonatal emphysema? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal destruction and dilation of the large airways |
|
|
Term
congenital bronchial cysts filled with air or fluid
-airways are baggy and enlarged with collections of mucus in pockets which leads to an increased incidence of infection |
|
Definition
| what causes honeycomb appearance on radiograph? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| complete absence of lungs, bronchi and vasculature |
|
|
Term
| bronchial buds do not develop |
|
Definition
| what causes pulmonary agenesis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized poorly deveolped bronchial tree, can be partial or total |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary hypoplasia (also oligohydaminos) |
|
Definition
| what condition is bilateral renal agenesis associated with? |
|
|
Term
pulmonary hypoplasia, it makes it hard for the fetus to practice breathing and inflate the lungs with fluid
can be due to renal issues because the baby cannot recycle the amniotic fluid it swallows (or urethra obstruction) |
|
Definition
| what does insufficient amniotic fluid and increased pressure on the fetal thorax cause? |
|
|
Term
| oligohydraminos (too little fluid) |
|
Definition
| associated with renal agenesis & obstructive uropathy the complication s of which can be pulmonary hypoplasia and limb defects |
|
|
Term
| pleuropericardial membranes, and the diaphragm |
|
Definition
| what membranes divide up the thoracic cavity from other stuff? |
|
|
Term
| the diaphragm(specifically the central tendon), rotates downward with the heart ~85% of diaphragm |
|
Definition
| what forms mostly from the septum transversum? where does it come from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what keeps the diaphragm alive and migrates down with pleurpericardial membranes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when in development does the diaphragm become innervated? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when does the diaphragm descend to L1? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does the dorsal messentary of the esophagus form? |
|
|
Term
| pleurperitoneal membranes |
|
Definition
| sheets of somatic mesoderm from dorsolateral body wall |
|
|
Term
| mesenchyme around the foregut (dorsal mesentary) |
|
Definition
| what do the cura develop from? |
|
|
Term
| somatic body wall mesoderm |
|
Definition
| what forms the peripheral portions of the diaphragm? |
|
|
Term
septum transversum -central tendon
somatic mesoderm from body wall-pleuroperitoneal membranes
mesenychyme around the foregut(dorsal mesentery)-crura
somatic body wall mesoderm-peripheral portions |
|
Definition
| what structures form the diaphragm (all of them)? |
|
|
Term
| congenital diaphragmatic hernias, most common on left posterolateral side |
|
Definition
| what is caused by failure of pleuroperitoneal membranes to fuse with other components? where is this most common? |
|
|
Term
unusually flat abdomen, breathlessness, cyanosis
(prevent lungs from developing/expanding because the gut is in the thorax) |
|
Definition
| what are the clinical findings in congential diaphragmatic hernias? |
|
|
Term
they tie off the trachea (before birthing, they partially deliver the baby) so the lungs fill with fluid and are forced to inflate
baby birthed by C-section & they don't cut the unbillicus until the trachea is undone |
|
Definition
| what is done to fix congenital diaphragmatic hernias? |
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