Term
|
Definition
| where does the axial skeleton(ribs, vertebrae, sternum) come from? |
|
|
Term
| somatic lateral plate mesoderm |
|
Definition
| where does appendicular skeleton(pectoral and pelvic girdle, limb bones) come from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where do limbs muscles come from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertebrae form as _______ structures derived from adjacent sclerotomes |
|
|
Term
| cranial and caudal sections |
|
Definition
| what do sclerotomes split into? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caudal portion of sclerotome fuses with _____ portion of the sclerotome caudal to it |
|
|
Term
| above the same # vertebra until C8, which comes out the bottom of C7 vertebrae(no C8 vertebrae) from there on, out the bottom |
|
Definition
| where do spinal nerves come out the vertebrae? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what determines what kind of vertebrae each one is? |
|
|
Term
| initially 8, but the upper part of C1 fuses with the base of the skull making 7 |
|
Definition
| how many cervical somites are there? |
|
|
Term
| neural arches, and centrum(vertebral bodies) |
|
Definition
| sclerotomes form what parts of vertebrae at first? |
|
|
Term
| it regresses except where it is incorporated into the vertebral discs |
|
Definition
| what happens to the notochord? |
|
|
Term
| kinda varies on where it is and how bad-so they cause a range of pain/disability |
|
Definition
| what do herniations cause? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal LATERAL curvature of the spine resulting from normal vertebral development |
|
|
Term
1)failure of formation
b)failure of segementation
3)mixed (1 & 2) |
|
Definition
| there are many types of defects in congenital scoliosis, but the are all the result of abnormal formation/segmentation of vertebral precursors(somites) what are the 3 varieties? |
|
|
Term
| hemivertebrae(semisegmented, full segmented, or wedge vertebrae) |
|
Definition
| what bone formation/structure is seen when there is failure of formation in congenital scoliosis? |
|
|
Term
block(like 2 normal fused)
unsegmented bar(fused on 1 side but not other) |
|
Definition
| what bone formation/structure is seen when there is failure of segmentation in congenital scoliosis? |
|
|
Term
| mesenchymal cells lateral to the body of vertebra->develop into costal processes, grow into ribs in thoracic region only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cervical or lumbar ribs can form -> thoracic outlet syndrome, nerve or arteries can be compressed |
|
Definition
| what happens when accessory ribs form? |
|
|
Term
| cartilagenous sternal bars in ventral body wall |
|
Definition
| what structure does the sternum come from? |
|
|
Term
| the sternal bars fuse in cranial caudal direction and form the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process |
|
Definition
| how does the sternum develop? |
|
|
Term
| hole in the body of the sternum, less than 10% of population has it |
|
Definition
| what is the sternal foramen, how common is it? |
|
|
Term
| it is apparently mistaken for bullet wounds, but more importantly a dumb acupuncture person stabbed someone there causing 3-4 deaths |
|
Definition
| what is significant about the sternal foramen? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of the appendicular skeleton involves ____ interaction between the mesoderm and ectoderm(epithelia) |
|
|
Term
| late in week 4, there is an outgrowth of the body wall, and lateral plate mesoderm is activated |
|
Definition
| when does limb development initiate, how? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what forms first, upper or lower limb? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what forms the core of a limb bud |
|
|
Term
| forms vasculature and skeletal components |
|
Definition
| what does lateral plate mesoderm become in a limb? |
|
|
Term
| inductive signal from the main body axis acts on adjacent cells at specific regions along the flank of the main body |
|
Definition
| what is the first step in limb bud positioning? |
|
|
Term
| an inducer (FGF-1) secreted by axial mesoderm |
|
Definition
| initial stimulus for development of limbs is likely cause by what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hox(homeobox) genes are expressed in ______ patterns along the trunk(craniocaudal axis) of the developing embryo |
|
|
Term
| expression of hox genes in overlapping patterns |
|
Definition
| what distribution controls the position of the limbs on the body wall? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what covers the limb(becomes skin)? |
|
|
Term
| overlying ectoderm on the limb bud-drives the limb from proximal to distal |
|
Definition
| what forms the Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) |
|
|
Term
| AER (Apical ectodermal ridge) and Zone of Polarizing activity |
|
Definition
| what 2 regions control limb tissue differentiation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickened ectoderm on the apex of the limb bud |
|
|
Term
| produces FGF which interacts with underlying mesoderm |
|
Definition
| what does the AER do to stimulate mitosis and promote growth? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what directs limb bud organization along the proximo-distal axis (dorsal/ventral axis) |
|
|
Term
| anterior (preaxial/thumb) to posterior (postaxial) |
|
Definition
| what direction does the Zone of Polarizing Activity direct limb development? |
|
|
Term
| Zone of Polarizing Activity |
|
Definition
| consists of mesodermal cells located at the base of the limb bud that produce retinoic acid (Vitamin A) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what initiates the expression of Sonic Hedge Hog? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directs organization of limb bud and patterning of digits |
|
|
Term
| Sonic Hedge Hog and Retinoic acid |
|
Definition
| misexpresion of _____ or _____ results in a mirror image duplication of the limb structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is expressed in forelimb, but not hindlimb? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is expressed in the hindlimb, but not the forelimb? |
|
|
Term
| the Tbx5, Tbx4, and Pitx1 (homeobox genes) |
|
Definition
| what are the possible "master control genes" of the arms and legs? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the developing limb bud _________ growth precedes differentiation |
|
|
Term
| zone of cell division (progress zone) |
|
Definition
| region of actively dividing cells in the limb bud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of cell specialization in the limb bud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is more distal? (zone of proliferation or zone of differentiation?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necessary for the proper sequence and timing of tissue differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which direction does limb development proceed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what regulates the type/size of bones? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AER secretes FGF that influences the closest cells ( ____ ____) to develop into distal structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells no longer within range of AER remain ____ in nature |
|
|
Term
1)mesenchymal condensation
2)joint specification
3)joint interzone formation
4) cavitation
...
5) mature joint |
|
Definition
| what are the steps in joint formation? |
|
|
Term
| programmed cell death gets rid of the webbing, if it doesn't, there can be syndactyly with skin/bone fused. |
|
Definition
| what happens to make the fingers and toes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long does it take to dissolve finger webs? |
|
|
Term
1) skeleton + vasculature
2) muscles
3) Schwann cells
4) motor axons(dermatome map) |
|
Definition
what does each thing make in the limb?
1)LP mesoderm:
2)Hypaxial mesoderm:
3) Neural crest
4) Neural tube |
|
|
Term
| aorta, cardinal veins, endogenous mesodermal cells |
|
Definition
| earliest vasculature arises from cells budding off the _____ and ____ as well as from _____ _____ cells |
|
|
Term
| central artery that drains into a peripheral marginal sinus, then into peripheral venous channels |
|
Definition
| what does the early vascular pattern consist of ? |
|
|
Term
| beneath the ectoderm or in the central cartilage |
|
Definition
| Where do blood vessels not form? |
|
|
Term
anterior or posterior divisions of VENTRAL primary RAMI (to hypomeres)
-in upper limb (brachial plexus)
posterior division = posterior cord, anterior division forms medial and lateral cords |
|
Definition
| where does the innervation of limbs come from? |
|
|
Term
90 degrees laterally
some dorsal musculature lags behind and comes to lie on the anterior pre-axial border |
|
Definition
| which direction does the upper limb rotate? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the etiology of most limb defects? |
|
|
Term
| reduction, duplication, malformations |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 types of limb defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what percent of congenital formations are limb? other musculoskeletal? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of a limb is missing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arrest or failure of a limb to develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shortened forearm or leg elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
congential absesence or hyoplasia of the radial structures of the forearm and hand.
Hypoplastic or absent muscular structures and radial nerve |
|
|
Term
| early passive stretching excercises and corrective casting |
|
Definition
| what is best for treatment of radial club hand? |
|
|
Term
| morning sickness/Hansen's disease(leprosy) drug, causes tetromelia and all kinds of stuff->disrupts the signal between AER and Progress Zone |
|
Definition
| What is thalidomide and how does it relate to embreyo? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect with duplication of components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does duplication of AER cause? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what should you not get confused with duplication defects? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| it is often ioncompletely formed and useless |
|
Definition
| what happens with the extra digit in polydactyly? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft-tissue duplications without a skeletal component that typically arise from the lateral surface of a normal digit, most often the ulnar side of the fifth finger |
|
|
Term
medial or lateral rather than central
in the foot usu. lateral |
|
Definition
| where is the extra digit more commonly found in polydactyly? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is polydactyly dominant or recessive? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is polydactyly seen in ultrasounds? in Ernest Hemmingway's cats? |
|
|
Term
| overgrowth, undergrowth, focal defects, association with other general/syndromic skeletal abnormalities |
|
Definition
| 4 causes of malformation defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common limb abnormality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| webbed fingers/toes resulting from failure of programmed apoptosis in digital ray |
|
|
Term
| between fingers 3 & 4 and toes 2 & 3 |
|
Definition
| where is syndactyly more frequent? |
|
|
Term
yes
(it is simple dominant or simple recessive) |
|
Definition
| is syndactyly dominant or recessive? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how common is brachydactyly? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction in the length of phalanges, also associated with short stature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is brachydactyly a dominant or recessive trait? |
|
|
Term
| cleft hand/foot (lobster claw) |
|
Definition
| absence of one or more central digits or between digits 2 & 4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how common is cleft hand/foot? |
|
|
Term
| lobster claw deformity (aka cleft hand/foot) |
|
Definition
hand/foot is divided into 2 parts that oppose each other usually missing the third digit.
the remaining digits are partioally or completely fused |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
depends on presence or absence of bones in the lower limb
type 1: all bones present
type 2: fused fibula
type 3: fibula absent
type 4: partially fused femur, fused fibula
type 5: partially fused femur
type 6: fused femur, fused tibia
type 7: fused femur, tibia absent |
|
Definition
| how is sirenomelia classified? |
|
|
Term
1) (start)legs are fused together by skin and feet splayed in a V-shape
2) saline sacks are inserted and gradually filled to stretch the skin
3) 2 operations 3months apart separated the legs using the stretched skin to cover the wounds
4) a later operation will rotate splayed feet foreward |
|
Definition
| what are the steps in a separation surgery for sirenomelia? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most prevalent form of dwarfism |
|
|
Term
| caused by a mutation of FGF-R3 |
|
Definition
| what mutation causes achrondroplasia |
|
|
Term
| pathologic changes at epiphyseal plate; zone of proliferation and hypertrophy are narrow and disorganized |
|
Definition
| what does the mutation cause resulting in dwarfism in achondroplasia? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of proliferation and column formation of epiphyseal cartilage cells (a defect in endochondral bone formation) which impairs longitudinal growth of tubular bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the inheritance pattern of achondroplasia? (recessive/dominant?) |
|
|
Term
| Brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta) |
|
Definition
| bone fragility that predisposes to fractures and deformities related to connective tissue abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is a tell-tale sign of brittle bone disease(osteogenesis imperfecta?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is brittle bone disease always evident at birth? |
|
|
Term
| check for brittle bone disease-osteogenesis imperfecta (blue sclera) |
|
Definition
| if a child comes to the ER with repeat fractures, before calling the PoPo for abusive parents, what should you check? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the most common type of club foot? |
|
|
Term
| 1/1000 births, twice as frequent in males |
|
Definition
| how frequent is talipes equinovaris? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease where the sole of the foot is turned medially and the foot is inverted |
|
|
Term
| abnormal positioning or restricted movement of the lower limbs in utero, feet are structurally normal |
|
Definition
| what is the cause of flexible club foot? |
|
|
Term
| usually resolves spontaneously |
|
Definition
| how is flexible club foot treated? |
|
|
Term
| abnormal development of the ankle and foot joints during the 6th and 7th week of pregnancy |
|
Definition
| what causes rigid club foot? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are bony deformities found in rigid club foot? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the 2 types of club foot? |
|
|
Term
| pieces of the amnion tear off and wrap around appendages (fingers or whole arm even) causes skeletal malformations, but it's not a skeletal developmental disorder |
|
Definition
| what is amniotic band syndrome? |
|
|
Term
| yes, some German farmer got a double arm transplant and is recovering well. |
|
Definition
| are arm transplants legit? |
|
|
