Term
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Definition
| first organ system to FUNCTION in the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| first organ to start developing in the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| what folds down with the head to form the heart? |
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Term
| Endocardial tubes (2 of them) |
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Definition
| what fuses to form a single heart tube? |
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Term
| sinus venosus (right and left) |
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Definition
| when the endocardial tubes fuse, what is the name of the structure the blood flows in to the heart? |
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Term
| when the heart tube forms at the very beginning |
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Definition
| when do the three layers of the heart form (endocardium, myocardium, epicardium)? |
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Term
| anterior(head) and posterior(below head) cardinal veins that form the common cardinal vein |
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Definition
| how is blood drained from the embryo? |
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Term
| aortic arches that connect to the dorsal aorta which subdivides into smaller vessels |
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Definition
| where do the initial arteries supplying the embryo come from? |
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Term
the vitelline circuits(yolk sac),
and the umbillical circuits
(2 arteries with deoxy blood away from fetus, 1 vein with oxy blood from placenta) |
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Definition
| what are the extra embryonic vascular circuits? |
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Term
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Definition
| what vascular circuit supplies and drains the yolk sac? |
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Term
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Definition
| what acts as a nursery for blood cells? |
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Term
| oxygenated blood from the placenta |
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Definition
| what kind of blood does the umbillical vein carry? from where? |
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Term
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Definition
| when does the primitive circulation develop? |
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Term
1) common cardinal veins
2) umbillical vein (blood from mom)
3) vitelline vein (blood from yolk sac) |
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Definition
| what flows into the sinus venosus |
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Term
1) sinus venosus
2) primitive atrium
3) primitve ventricle
4) bulbis cordis
5) truncus arteriosus |
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Definition
| list the embryonic heart structures in the order blood flows through them |
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Term
| smooth part of the right atrium (sinus venarum) coronary sinus, and oblique vein of left atrium |
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Definition
| what does the sinus venosus become? |
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Term
ventricle: trabeculated part of the right and left ventricles
atria: trabeculated part of l and r atria(auricles) |
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Definition
| what does the primitive ventricle become? primitive atria |
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Term
| smooth part of the RIGHT ventricle(conus cordis) and the smooth part of the LEFT ventricle (aortic vestibule) |
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Definition
| what does the bulbus cordis become in the adult? |
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Term
| aorta and pulmonary trunk |
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Definition
| what does the truncus arteriosus become in the adult? |
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Term
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Definition
| on what side is systemic arterial outflow? |
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Term
| right (vena cava on the right) |
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Definition
| on what side is systemic venous return? |
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Term
| it folds and some parts undergo apoptosis |
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Definition
| because the heart needs to grow, and it is limited to a confined space, what does it do? |
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Term
| a structure in the middle of the forming heart that stuff attaches to, and separates the chambers of the heart |
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Definition
| what is the endocardial cushion? |
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Term
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Definition
| when the heart begins this process, the aortic arches (arterial end) joins with the septum transversum (venous end) |
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Term
| the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, and ventricle |
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Definition
| what parts of the embryonic heart grow faster causing it to twist and fold? |
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Term
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Definition
| when does the heart start folding up? |
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Term
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Definition
| where is the site of apoptosis as the heart begins folding? (Anterior, posterior, lateral, medial etc) |
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Term
| bulboventricular loop, dorsal folding |
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Definition
| what is it called when the heart bends on itself? what direction does it fold? |
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Term
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Definition
| the heart bends to the left instead of the right |
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Term
| dextrocardia (the heart is displaced to the right with transposition of the heart and great vessels |
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Definition
| what is the most common positional abnormality of the heart? |
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Term
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Definition
| how common is dextrocardia? |
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Term
| because it started forming in the cervical region and migrated down with the diaphragm |
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Definition
| why does the heart have cervical sympathetics? |
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Term
1) partition of the truncus arteriosus-> semilunar valves
2) and partitioning of the AV canal -> bicuspid/tricuspid valves
(BOTH partition simultaneously)
this partitions the AV canal and the primitive atrium and ventricle |
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Definition
| what is the first partition of the heart? |
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Term
| they are first separated after folding, by the narrow AV canal |
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Definition
| when are the atrium and ventricle first separated and by what structure? |
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Term
| dorsal and ventral blocks of tissue that grow together |
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Definition
| what forms the endocardial cushions? |
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Term
| the AV canals (and their valves) |
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Definition
| what regulates blood flow from atria to ventricles? |
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Term
| formation and fusion of the endocardial cushions |
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Definition
| first step in the development of the 4 chambered heart |
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Term
| atrioventricular communis |
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Definition
| large communication that occurs between chambers that occurs when the cushions fail to fuse |
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Term
| the tissue cannot be adequately prefused most likely because there is mixed arterial and venous blood |
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Definition
| if there is an atrioventricular communis, what problem does the fetus have? |
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Term
| midline on the floor of the primitive ventricle there is an upward growth towards the endocardial cushions and down growing bulbar ridges |
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Definition
| what forms the muscular portion of the IV septum? |
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Term
| ventricular septal defects (VSD's) |
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Definition
| 25% of all congenital heart defects |
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Term
| the muscular portion of the septa |
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Definition
| where do most ventricular septal defects occur? |
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Term
muscular VSD's spontaneously close
membranous defects require surgical repair |
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Definition
| what should be done about a VSD in the muscular portion of the septum? in the membranous portion of the septum? |
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Term
| ventricular septal defects |
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Definition
| opening between left and right ventricles, associated with shunting of blood |
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Term
There is a foramen primum (original communication between the 2 atria).
1) First there is a downward growth(septum primum) which stops before hitting the cushions-need a hole
2)Then you punch a hole in the septum primum(foramen secundum)
3) The bottom portion of the septum primum fuses with the endocardial cushion (closing foramen primum)
4) the you form septum secundum by an upper portion growing down, and a lower portion growing up
5) the top of septum secundum meets the top of the remaining septum primum
6) foramen secundum becomes the foramen ovale(the top part of septum primum shrivvels up and dies) |
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Definition
| how does the Atrial septum form? |
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Term
| foramen ovale (aka foramen secundum) |
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Definition
| what is the hole between the septum primum and septum secundum called? |
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Term
| valve of the foramen ovale |
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Definition
| when the septum primum and septum secundum overlap, they form a valve, what is this called? |
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Term
| to bypass the lungs of the fetus |
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Definition
| what is the purpose of the foramen ovale? |
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Term
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Definition
| before birth which atria has higher pressure? |
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Term
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Definition
| after birth, which atria have lower pressure? |
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Term
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Definition
| defect present in 10-15% of patients with congenital cardiac anomalies |
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Term
| ostium(foramen) primum, secundum, sinus venosus, common atrium |
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Definition
| what are the 4 types of ASD's? |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to endocardial cushion defects |
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Term
| ostium primum defects (an ASD) |
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Definition
| similar to endocardial cushion defects |
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Term
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Definition
| defect involving the foramen ovale and septum primum |
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Term
right horn, blood is shunted from left to right
(this is a change in the sinus venosum) |
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Definition
| though the horns of the heart start off equal size, one horn of the heart is bigger -which- left or right? why? |
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Term
| the dorsal wall of the primitive atrium |
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Definition
| where does the sinus venosus open initially? |
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Term
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Definition
| when the sinus venosus changes, what side does systemic inflow go to? |
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Term
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Definition
| where does the liver develop? |
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Term
| they are incorporated into the liver as hepatic sinusoids, hepatic veins, part of the IVC, and some of the veins the drain the GI tract |
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Definition
| what happens to the vitelline veins in the liver? |
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Term
| ligamentum teres hepatis(round ligament) |
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Definition
| when the umbillicle veins lose their direct connection to the heart, what do they become? |
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Term
| the large venous shunt-ductus venosus |
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Definition
| what do the umbillicle veins join when they lose connection to the heart |
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Term
| the umbillical vein and the IVC, bypasses the liver so oxygenated blood is diverted into the heart |
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Definition
| what does the umbillicle shunt connect? what does it bypass? |
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Term
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Definition
| connects umbillicle vein and IVC |
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Term
| bicuspid and tricuspid valves |
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Definition
| what does partitioning of the AV canal form? |
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Term
| pulmonary and semilunar valves |
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Definition
| what does partitioning of th truncus arteriosus form? |
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Term
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Definition
| what structure grows into the right horn of the sinus venosus? |
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Term
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Definition
| what does the anastamosis of the anterior cardinal veins become? |
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Term
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Definition
| what does an anastamosis of the right anterior cardinal and common cardinal vein become? |
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Term
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Definition
| what do the posterior left and right cardinal veins become? |
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Term
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Definition
| marks division between embryonic sinus venosus and embryonic primitive atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| invades ridges that form in the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus |
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Term
| aorta/pulomnary trunk malformations because they are directed by neural crest cell invasion |
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Definition
| what heart disorder accompanies neural crest disorders? |
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Term
| endocardial cushions and IV septum |
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Definition
| what must the distal part of the AP septum(bulbar ridges) contact? |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder resulting in equal division of truncus but incomplete fusion of bulbar ridges inferiorly -> VSD |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder that starts with an initial L to R shunt, increased pulmonary blood flow, and HTN, later on increased pulmonary resistance caused R->L shunt and cyanosis |
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Term
1) pulmonary stenosis (unequal division of trunk & aorta)
2) VSD
3) overriding aorta
4) right ventricular hypertrophy (due to resistance in lung) |
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Definition
| name the 4 features of a Tetralogy of Fallot: |
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Term
| arterial switch operation (the aorta and pulmonary artery are "switched") |
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Definition
| what can be done to fix transposition of the great vessels? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many pairs of aortic arches are there to start with? |
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Term
| aortic sac (truncus arteriosus) and dorsal aorta |
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Definition
| what do aortic arches connect? |
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Term
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Definition
| what arches organize the development of the head and neck? |
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Term
| an artery, a cranial nerve, muscle, and sensory fibers |
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Definition
| what accompanies each aortic arch? |
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Term
on th left it connects the ventral and dorsal aorta (aortic arch)
on the right it forms the subclavian artery |
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Definition
| what does aortic arch IV do? |
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Term
proximal portions = l & r pulmonary arteries (PULMONARY TRUNK)
distal portion of left aortic arch = ductus arteriosus |
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Definition
| what does aortic arch VI do? |
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Term
| nothing, doesn't become any known vessels |
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Definition
| what does aortic arch V do? |
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Term
| a connection between the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch (a shunt in the lungs good for the baby, but not for an adult) |
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Definition
| what is a patent ductus arteriosus? |
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Term
| hormones and pressure change at birth |
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Definition
| what makes the ductus arteriosus close? |
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Term
infant: use a ligature to lasso it shut
older child: used a coil to expand it so there is tissue to seal it shut with, then close it off. |
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Definition
| how is a patent ductus arteriosus repaired in an infant? in an older child? |
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Term
1) cervical segmentals -> vertebral arteries
2) 7th intersegmentals -> subclavian
3) thoracic intersegmentals -> intercostal arteries
4) lumbar intersegmentals -> iliac arteries |
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Definition
| list the dorsal segmental paired branches of the aorta (embryonic, and adult) |
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Term
| 20 pairs of vessels supplying the developing kidneys -> adrenal, renal, & gonadal arteries |
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Definition
| what do the lateral segmental branches of the aorta become? |
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Term
vitelline vessels -> celiac + superior & inferior mesenteric arteries
*reprogrammed from veins to arteries
allantoic vessels -> umbillical arteries |
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Definition
| what are the ventral segmental branches of the aorta, and what do they become? |
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Term
| portion of the IVC, hepatic veins/sinusoids, ductus venosus, portal, superior/inferior mesenteric & splenic veins |
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Definition
| what venous structures do the embryonic vitelline vessels become in the adult? |
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Term
NOT umbillical arteries!!! that's allantoic vessels of the ventral aorta segments
the umbillical veins collapse and become the ligamentum teres hepatis |
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Definition
| what do the umbillical veins in the fetus become? |
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Term
anterior: SVC, internal jugulars
posterior: part of IVC, common iliac veins |
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Definition
| what do the anterior and posterior embryonic cardinal veins become in the adult? |
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Term
| independently as an outgrowth of the lung, they are not remade from other vessels |
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Definition
| how do the pulmonary veins form? |
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Term
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Definition
| venous drainage channels from the lungs converge and form a single vessel that goes where? |
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Term
| lung tissue forming the pulmonary veins |
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Definition
| what tissue helps the atrium expand? |
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Term
1) Vena cava (common) duplicated or left instead of right
2)PDA
3) double aortic arch
4) right aortic arch
5) coarctation of the aorta |
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Definition
| list the malformations of major blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| persistence of the right 4th arch distal to the right subclavian, and the left segment caudal to the subclavian disappears, may be caused by situs inversus |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of the right 4th aortic arch CAUDAL to the right subclavian persists, vascular ring around the trachea and esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
occurs distal to the left subclavian, typically near the ductus arteriosus (post ductul = adult, preductal = iinfantile)
-collateral circulation often includes the internal thoracic arteries & its branches |
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