Term
| What are all the ways to say birth defects? |
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Definition
| congenital malformation, congenital anomaly |
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Term
| what is the definition of a birth defect? |
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Definition
| structural, behavorial, metabolic, or functional abnormaility |
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Term
| what precentage of births have a major anomolay? |
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Definition
| 1-2% live born, 2-3% by age 5 |
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Term
| what percentage of infants have a minor anomaly? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are signs of a minor anomaly? |
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Definition
| small ears, pigment spots, short palpebral fissures |
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Term
| why are minor anomalys important in medicine? |
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Definition
the more minor ones someone has the more changes there are that they have a major one.
especially look at the ears, many major anomalys have malformed ears |
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Term
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Definition
| complete or partial absence or malformatin of a structure |
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Term
| when do most malformations originate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alterations after a structure has normally developed caused by a destructive process |
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Term
| what is a common example of a disruption? |
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Definition
| atresia, vascular supply to an organ is disrupted |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical force leads to a distorted appearance over time in fetus, often musculoskeletal |
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Term
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Definition
| group of abnormailities with a common single cause, risk of reacurrance is known |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of abnormailities that occur together but we dont know why |
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Term
| what are the categories of enivormental factors that cause birth defects? |
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Definition
| infectous agents, hypothermia, radiation, chemical agents, hormones, maternal diseases, nutritional deficiencies, obesity, heavy metals |
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Term
| what are examples of infectous agents that cause birth defects? |
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Definition
| rubella, varciella (chicken pox), cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis (litterbox) |
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Term
| what are ways a mother can get hypothermia and cause a birth defect? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some chemical agents that cause birth defects? |
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Definition
| thalidomide, warfarin, ACE inhibitors (for BP, viagra, ciallis), vitamin A (acutane), alcohol |
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Term
| what can alcohol cause for a fetus? |
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Definition
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorder |
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Term
| what are the hormones that cause birth defects? |
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Definition
| androgenic agents, endocriine disruptors |
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Term
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Definition
| an autoimmune medication that causes limb defects |
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Term
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Definition
| diethylstilbesterol, an endocrine disruptor hormone that gives baby girls a T uterus and a risk of cancer in their 20s |
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Term
| give and example of a nutritional suppliment that a mother can run out of and can cause birth defects |
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Definition
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Term
| what heavy metals can cause birth defects? |
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Definition
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Term
| in what part of gestation is there a high risk for birth defects |
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Definition
| 3-8 weeks, week 5 is the most |
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Term
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Definition
| things that cause birth defects |
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Term
| what birth defects can come from dad being exposed to teratogens? |
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Definition
| chemicals can mutate germ cells, spontanous abortion, low birth weight, other |
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Term
| what birth defects can come from advanced paternal age? |
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Definition
| limb defects, down syndrome, new autosome mutations, neural tube defects |
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Term
| what birth defects can come from diabetes? |
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Definition
| still births, neonatal deaths, large infants, congenital malformations, severity and duration increases risk |
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Term
| how does ultrasound work? |
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Definition
| high frequency sound waves are reflected back from tissues |
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Term
| what physical ways can ultrasound be use to see the baby? |
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Definition
| transabdominal, transvaginal |
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Term
| what things can ultrasound tell us? |
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Definition
fetal age, growth, structural abnormalities
dopplar functions can be used for fluid levels and blood flow
multiple gestations
neural tube, abdominal wall, heart, and facial defects |
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Term
| what can maternal serum screening be done on? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what do high levels of AFP indicate |
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Definition
| neural tube and abdominal wall defects |
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Term
| what do low levels of AFP indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| needle is inserted transabdominally into the amnotic cavity with withdraw fluid |
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Term
| what can amniocentesis test for? |
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Definition
| AFP, karyotype, enzyme levels, single gene defects |
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Term
| what is the risk of amniocentesis? when should it be done? |
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Definition
| 1% risk of fetal loss, wait until 14 weeks |
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Term
| what is chrionic villi sampling? |
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Definition
| transabdominal or transvaginal needle inserted into the placental mass to asperate tissue that has rapidly dividing cells for testing |
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Term
| what is the risk of chorionic villus sampling? when is it done? |
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Definition
| 2x that of amniocentesis, early |
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Term
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Definition
| family history, ultrasound or maternal serum abnormalities, maternal disease, advanced age |
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Term
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Definition
| mom's antibodies kill the baby cells so blood is trasfused to fix it |
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Term
| what are ways a fetus can be treated if an abnormaility is spotted? |
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Definition
| intrauterine transfusion, medical treatment, surgery |
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Term
| what types of medical treatments can be done to help an abnormal fetus? |
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Definition
| maternal or direct administration of drugs (ex: arythryma or thyroid medication, antibiotics) |
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Term
| what types of surgical treatments can be done to help an abnormal fetus? |
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Definition
| shunts to move fluid, ex utero (diaphagmatic, hernia, cystin lung lessions, spina bifidia) |
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Term
| dizygotic twins frequency |
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Definition
| 2/3 of twins, increases with maternal age |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 oocytes fertilized, seperate implantations, sometimes chorionic sacs or less commonly the placentas fuse |
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Term
| monozygotic twins frequency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
develop from a single fertilized egg
split a various stages |
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Term
| what happens when embryo cells split apart (like a two cell zygote)? |
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Definition
monozygotic twins
cells developing the embryo split apart into two embryos, they have their own placentas and membranes |
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Term
| what happens when embryo cells split as a blastocyst? |
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Definition
monozygotic twins
diamniotic, monochorionic
inner cell mass splits, out cell mass does not. two babies form and share the placenta but it is early enough that they get their own amniotic sac |
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Term
| what happens when the embryo splits apart in the bilaminar germ disc phase? |
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Definition
monozygotic twins
monoamniotic, monochorionic
2 embryos form but because development is too far along they share a chorionic and amniotic sac and a placenta |
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Term
| potential problems when having twins |
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Definition
higher morbidity and mortality, 12% are premes, smaller, shorter gestation, vanishing twin, twin twin transfusion, delivery issues, conjoined
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Term
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Definition
| a twin is lost, usually early in pregnacy |
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Term
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Definition
| connection in circulation between twins, one gets more one less, bad for both. most of time both are lost |
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Term
| problems when delivering twins |
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Definition
| 2nd twin wont come out, have to get 2nd out fast because after pregnacy processes begin, babies are not facing the right way for delivery, babies are tangled (needs surgery) |
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Term
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Definition
| embryo split after the primitive streak formed so they did not seperate all the way because it was too late. classified by the degree of union and area of joining |
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Term
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Definition
birth
factors that induce are not known, divided into 3 stages |
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Term
| possible factors for why birth is induced |
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Definition
| withdraw of supporting factors, induction of stimulatory factors |
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Term
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Definition
1. effacement and dilation of cervix
2. delivery of fetus
3. delivery of placenta and membranes |
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