Term
| How is endoderm and mesoderm formed? |
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Definition
| Epiblast cells ingress, displacing the hypoblast; they move medially toward the primitive streak, enter the streak and undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation. |
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Term
| Most of the urogenital system is dervided from what type of mesoderm |
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Definition
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Term
| What two types of mesoderm are to each side of intermediate mesoderm? |
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Definition
| paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm |
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Term
| The urogenital ridge gives rise to what two structures? |
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Definition
| the kidneys and the gonads |
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Term
| What are the three successive sets of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| Pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros |
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Term
| The pronephros gives rise to what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the five steps in the formation of the mesonephric tubules |
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Definition
| 1) Mesenchymal cell clusters become vesicles 2)Vesicles elongate to form tubules 3) one end of the tubule joins the lateral nephric duct 4) Other end invaginates to form Bowmans capsule 5) Capsule is filled with clusters of capillaries called a glomerulus |
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Term
| What is another name for the nephric duct? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the urine that is formed dilute? |
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Definition
| Because the mesonephric tubules are short |
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Term
| Where do the gonads form? |
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Definition
| in the intermediate mesoderm medial to the mesonephros |
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Term
| In males, a few tubules near the gonads contribute to what structure? |
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Definition
| The efferent ducts of the testis |
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Term
| In males, nephric ducts persist and contribute to what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is required for the persistance of the mesoneprhic structures in males? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the mesonephros in females after about the end of the second month? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the definitive or permanent kidney? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two functional components of the metanephros? |
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Definition
| The excretory and collecting systems |
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Term
| What are the five components of the collecting system derived from the ureteric bud? |
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Definition
| 1) The collecting tubule 2) The minor calyces 3) The major calyces 4) The renal pelvis 5) The ureter |
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Term
| What is the one component of the excretory system derived from capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five components of the excretory system derived from the mesonephric blastema? |
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Definition
| 1) Bowmans capsule 2) proximal convuluted tubule 3) loop of Henle 4) Distal convoluted tubule 5) stroma |
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Term
| What are the two components of the renal corpuscle? |
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Definition
| The glomerulus and bowmans capsule |
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Term
| What are the six components of the nephron? |
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Definition
| 1) glomerus 2) Bowmans capsule 3) proximal convuluted tubule 4) loop of Henle 5) Distal convoluted tubule 6) stroma |
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Term
| What is reciprocal induction? |
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Definition
| the interaction between the invading ureteric bud and the metanephric blastema (mesenchyme). |
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Term
| What is formed from signals from the ureteric bud that induce the mesenchyme to convert to epithelium? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why are arcades of nephrons formed? |
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Definition
| Because Induction occures in a centrifugal fashion |
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Term
| What is the difference between juxtamedullary and subscapular nephrons? |
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Definition
| juxtamedullary are more deep and subscapular are more superficial |
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Term
| Which nephrons are more mature, the deeper or superficial nephrons? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What can lead to renal agenesis? |
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Definition
| Absence of either the ureteric bud, or defective induction interactions between them |
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Term
|
Definition
| decreased amniotic fluid due to bilateral agenesis |
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|
Term
| What is the Potter sequence? |
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Definition
| Uterine compression of the developing fetus with oligohydramnios |
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Term
| After the uteretic bud sprouts from the mesonephric duct near the cloaca, what does it grow into? |
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Definition
| the metanephric mesenchyme |
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Term
| When the ureteric bud first dilates, what does it form? |
|
Definition
| the primitive renal pelvis |
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Term
| When the ureteric bud first divides, what does it form? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the ureteric bud elongates and undergoes branching morphogenesis, the first few generations fuse and form what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fifth generation of ureteric bud branches elongate and converge on the minor calyx, forming what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the fifth generation, the subsequent ureteric bud branches form what structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| The tree-like pattern of UB branching morphogenesis generates what structures? |
|
Definition
| arcades of nephrons and their associated collecting ducts |
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|
Term
| What structure expresses Ret? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What factor binds to Ret to induce branching? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What factor inhibits branching but promotes elongation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit (excretory component) of the kidney? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which factor regulates the production of GDNF and hepatocyte growth factor? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which factor stimulates the production of the ureteric bud? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Wilms tumor results from a mutation in which factor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cells may become renin-producing cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are responsible for survival and proliferation of the metanephric kidney? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells may contribute to the nerve supply of the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| After stromal cells undergo apoptosis, the space they filled becomes occupied by what structure? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the kidneys ascend or descend after about 6 to 9 weeks? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When the kidneys ascend, what type of rotation do they undergo? |
|
Definition
| 90 degrees, facing ventrally to medially |
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|
Term
| What structures descend as the kidney ascends? |
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Definition
| the gonads and the associated mesonephric structures |
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Term
| What are kidneys that fuse together called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure blocks the ascent of the horsehoe kidney? |
|
Definition
| the interaction between the invading ureteric bud the inferior mesenteric artery. |
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Term
| Is the horseshoe kidney functional? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main artery that supplies the kidney? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure do the suprarenal arteries supply? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies the upper ureter? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The renal artery divides to form what arteries? |
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Definition
| the segmental arteries and the ureteric arteries |
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Term
| The segmental arteries divide to form what arteries? |
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Definition
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Term
| The interlobar arteries travel along the renal pyramids and form what arteries? |
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Definition
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Term
| The arcuate arteries form what smaller arteries that ascend into the cortex? |
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Definition
| the interlobular arteries |
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Term
| Afferent arterioles branch from the interlobular arteries, and dilate in response to what hormones? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent arterioles drain the capillary tuft and constrict in response to what hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The efferent arterioles give rise to what venous structures and are drained by what major vein? |
|
Definition
| the peritubular capillary bed and the vasa rectae, and are drained by the renal vein |
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Term
| What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
Definition
| a complex made up of the afferent and efferent arterioles, stromal cells, and the distal tubule at the vascular pole |
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Term
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for production of what hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Initially, the hindgut and the mesonephric duct empty into which structure? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the urogenital sinus formed? |
|
Definition
| The mesodermal urorectal septum descends, and fuses with the lateral urorectal folds to partition the rectum |
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Term
| Incorporation of the mesodermally derived mesonephric ducts into the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus forms what structure? |
|
Definition
| the trigone of the bladder |
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|
Term
| What complications may arise from duplication of the ureter? |
|
Definition
| The angle of insertion may cause obstruction or vaso-ureteral reflux |
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|
Term
| What does the allantois form? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What ligament does the urachus become at birth? |
|
Definition
| the median umbilical ligament |
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|
Term
| What is derived from coelomic epithelium near the dorsal mesentery? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chromaffin cells? |
|
Definition
| neural crest cells that migrate from nearby sympathetic ganglia and become encapsulated by the cortex |
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Term
| Steroidogenic mesodermal cells become what structure? |
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Definition
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