Term
| the layer from which limb buds arise. |
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Definition
| somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm |
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Term
| the 2 layers of the lateral plate mesoderm |
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Definition
| somatopleure and splanchnopleure |
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Term
| Forms epidermis & derivatives (hairs, nails, sweat & sebaceous glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Forms dermis, connective tissue, tendons, cartilage, bone, & muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| plane of asymmetry that means toward the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| plane of asymmetry that means caudal |
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Definition
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Term
| plane of asymmetry that means cranial |
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Definition
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Term
| plane of asymmetry that means toward the back |
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Definition
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Term
| the structure that divides the ventral and dorsal part of the developing embryo |
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Definition
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Term
| the plane of the body associated with limb outgrowth |
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Definition
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Term
| the plane of the body associated with asymetric digit specification |
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Definition
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Term
| the plane of the body associated with the AER posistion and muscle pattern |
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Definition
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Term
| extensor muscles are found on the ____ side |
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Definition
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Term
| flexor muscles are found on the ____ side of the arm |
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Definition
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Term
| What is induced by underlying mesenchyme, secretes FGF-* and FGF-4, maintains the progress zonem and is required for limb-bud outgrowth |
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Definition
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Term
| What is induced by AER, secretes FGF-10, maintains AER, inhibits differentiation, rapid cell divison, and is required for limb- bud outgrowth |
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Definition
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Term
| Distal-to-proximal limb patterning corresponds to nested 5’-to-3’ expression of _____ genes |
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Definition
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Term
| FGF-4 and FGF-8 maintains what gene expression in the PZ |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells left behind by distally-growing PZ lose expression of _____ and differentiate first. |
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Definition
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Term
| the first cells left behind during limb bud outgrowth represent |
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Definition
| the most proximal limb structures |
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Term
| the last cells left behind during limb bud outgrowth specifiy |
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Definition
| more distal limb structures |
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Term
| a mouse that is knockout for what gene lacks what 2 important bones and is an indication of genetic specification of proximal distal pattern of limb bud outgrowth |
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Definition
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Term
| an area that is located on the postrior border of the limb and confers anterior and posterior asymetry to a limb |
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Definition
| ZOne of Polarizing Activity |
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Term
| what happend when a ZPA graft is placed on a developing chick wing |
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Definition
| a doubling of the hand occurs (digit respecification) |
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Term
| a compound in increased concentrations kills off ZPA and can induce digit respecification, causes the expression of ectopic Shh expression |
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Definition
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Term
| a normal product of the ZPA region, induces FGF-4 secretion by AER (integration of proximodistal with anteroposterior patterning) |
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Definition
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Term
| Shh implants can induce _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Shh induced this expression |
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Definition
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Term
| this gene expression is restricted to the dorsal ectoderm and induces Lmx1 in the dorsal mesoderm |
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Definition
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Term
| Wnt7a knockouts fail to form what structure |
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Definition
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Term
| this gene expression is restricted to the ventral ectoderm and inhibits r-fing in the dorsal ectoderm expressing Wnt7a |
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Definition
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Term
| during limb histogenesis the _____ follows and innervates peripherally migrating muscle mass |
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Definition
| dorsal and ventral brances of ventral primary rami |
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Term
| during muscle limb histogenesis the myotome devides into what |
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Definition
| dorsal and ventral muscle masses on either side of the precursor bones and tendons |
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Term
| the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves provides..... |
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Definition
| the limb motor supply and cutaneous innervation |
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Term
| at 6 weeks the limbs bend in what direction |
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Definition
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Term
| at what stage do the upper and lower limbs undergo 90 degree torsion along the long axis so that the elbows point caudally and the knees point cranially |
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Definition
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Term
| the name of the torsion of the lower limbs that results at 8 weeks, and the arrangement of their cutaneos innervation |
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Definition
| twisted or barber pole arrangement |
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Term
| If the final rotation does not occur in the lower limbs of a fetus what results |
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Definition
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Term
| the complete absence of a limb |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what cellular process is critical in the formation of fingers and toes |
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Definition
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Term
| more than 5 digits on a hand |
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Definition
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Term
| when the hands are attached to the scapula |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of limb defect that causes the formation of an extra limb and can be cause by retinoic acid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a birth defect characterized by the lacking of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs with the presence of a hand or foot. It results in a shrunken and deformed extremity |
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