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| process by which experience produces a relatively enduring chagne in an organis's behavior or capabilities |
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a type of learning in which behavior is: -strengthened/diminished
-learned association between behavior and results |
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| the behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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| increases the probability that the preceding action will be repeated in the future |
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| adding something to increase a behavior |
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| taking away something to increase a behavior |
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| an event that decreases the probability that the preceding action will be repeated in the future |
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| adding something to decrease a behavior |
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| taking away something to decrease a behavior |
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| object/event has been removed |
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| punishment and reinforcement happen AFTER the behavior |
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| signals the presence of particular contingencies of reinforcement |
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| schedules of reinfrocement |
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| continuous, partial, fixed ratio schedule, variable ratio schedule, fixed-interval schedule |
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| reinfrocement of the desired behavior EVERY time it occurs |
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| reinforcement SOME of the time |
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| reinforced behavior after a set number of responses |
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| reinfoce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses |
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| reinforce first response after a fixed TIME period |
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| variable-interval schedule |
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| reinforce first response after carying TIME intervals |
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| reinforcement begins with a behavior that the organism ALREADY performs |
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| learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
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| aggressive acts toward the doll (kids imitated actions on doll) |
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| learning the consequences of an action from observing its consequences for someone else |
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| relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior arising from experience but lack of behavior doesnt mean learning did not take place |
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"Tower of silence"
experimented with dogs
classical conditioning |
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| Ivan Pavlov's institution for experimenting on dogs |
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| uncoditioned stimulus is natural unconditioned response |
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| salivation after tuning fork (before meat is introduced) |
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| learned insulin secretion at sight/smell of food |
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| cancer patients receiving chemotherapy can learn to associate the nausea with hospital food |
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| "Neurons that fire together wire together"stimulus connets stimulus' together |
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| "neurons that fire together wire together" |
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| accounts for learning by having neurons fire at the same time for different stimulus connects stimulus' together |
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| order of condition (which is best), extinction, spontaneous recovery, response generalization, stimulus discrimination, and sensory preconditinoing/higher order conditioning (learn CR CS never paired with US!) |
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| order of conditioning (best to worst) |
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| delayed conditioning (best), trace conditioning (good learning but they have to remember), simultaneous conditioning (not so good), bakcward conditioning (horrible) |
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| present CS without US and the CR dies |
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| after period of time, new presentation of CS elicits CR, extinction is NOT the process of forgetting but of learning not to respond |
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| CR elicited by stimulus similar to original CS |
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| Temporal contiguity of CS and US is essential for learning |
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| cats in puzzle boxes (maze-ish) |
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| behavior that has favorable consequences will tend to be repeated and behavior that has unfacorable consequences will not tend to be repeated |
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| Skinner (Operant terminology) |
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| positive and negative reinforcement |
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| latent learning in a maze |
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| mice learned about maze even without reward |
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| learn by observation, imitation |
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"expectancies" produce learning
Predictors - "expectations" |
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| Biological constraints on learning |
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| not perfect, selective and creative; past always better than the future |
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first experimental studies of memory (did experiments only on himself)
Serial position |
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| remember the beginning and the end of lists |
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| Ebbinghaus' forgerring curve |
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| very steep early on but there is 20% that lingers long long time |
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| VISUAL, Sperling,memory tachascope, asked for whole or partial report (remember for only a second) |
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| AUDITORY, bea...vis, cart...man |
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| temporary memory, working memory, rehearsal, coding, decisions, retrieval strategies (7+-2) bits of information |
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combinning small elements into a greater whole (like tele numbers)
less to remember |
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| chess masters chunk pieces into positions that would happen in actual game |
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| permanent memory (no limit) |
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| more confident in memories add extra details |
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| hypnosis HYPERNESIA (memory recall) |
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| does not enhanced recall, suggestibility gives us more confident in recall |
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Implanted memories
Lost in the mall experiment |
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| consciousness (not observable not scientific |
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| Functionalists, knowledge of our own existence, behavior, perceptions, thoughts "SELF AWARE"need communication |
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| possible operation definition of consciousness |
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| conversation with dictionary |
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| process of selectively focusing on particular stimuli |
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| enters explicit memory (declarative memory) |
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| may enter implicit memory (nondeclarative memory) |
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| form a conditioned emotional response to words paired with shock |
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| hemispatial negleck; left side of drawing is unfinished |
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| both parietal lobes damaged |
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| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| measures "net sum" of electrical activity "brain waves" |
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| as person starts to fall asleep the wave becomes slower and bigger (amplitude) |
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| neurons fire together get bigger |
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rapid eye movement aka "paradoxical sleep" similar to being awake
loss of muscle tone
REM cycles 4 times per night |
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| similar wave to being awake |
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protect us from harm
conserve energy |
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| repair or replenish body or brain of "something mental activity (repair brain functions) |
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| REM sleep: rebound, go directly to REM |
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| sleep alot = large percentage of REM sleep |
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| vigilance, memory consolidation, brain development |
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| much higher sleep stage in infants |
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sigmund freud
manifest content vs latent content
only type of dreams
hidden meaning |
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Friedrich Kekule's
dream of the benzene ring |
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| Activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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PGO spikes
visual attempt by forebrain to make sense of PGO spike
NO MEANING (random) |
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| realize you are dreaming and control dream |
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depression
drug abuse
onset vs maintenance
onset = falling asleep
maintenance = staying asleep |
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dream that youre awake
doesnt feel like you were asleep |
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| lack of oxygen to the brain after falling asleep |
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sleep attacks
cataplexy (muscular paralysis)
sleep paralysis
hypnagogic hallucination (dreaming while awake) |
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dreams but muscles not paralyzed
act out dreams |
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| Slow-wave sleep disorders |
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bedwetting
sleep walking
night terrors |
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animal magnetism
mesmerization (hypnosis)
suggestibility |
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| hypermnesia = enhanced recall (not true) |
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| post hypnotic suggestions (no smoking) |
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Tachistoscope presentation
mommy and i are one
emotionally charged |
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| small stimuli DOESNT WORK |
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| perception without awareness |
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BLIND sight
dichotic listening tasks |
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| study of the way behavior or cognitions are influenced by the presence of others |
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social conformity
visual perception |
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notice situation
define situation as an emergency
take personal responsibility to do something |
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| diffusion of responsibility |
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| number of bystanders increases likelihood of help decreases |
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| inferring the causes of behavior |
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Consensus
consistency
distinctiveness |
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| fundamental attribution errror |
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behavior is willful
person first not situation
attribute persons behavior to internal dimensions |
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actor puts cause in environment
observer puts cause in the actor |
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| something that grabs your attention sticks out |
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| attribute in way that makes us look good |
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| relationship-maintaining bias |
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| attributions one person in a relationship makes about the other |
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| sternberg theory of attraction |
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| Schacter theory of attraction |
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misattribution theory
attributing arousal to wrong stimulus |
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cognitive dissonance theory
psychological tension |
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self perception theory
observe own behavior |
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familiarity
similarity
physical appearance
psitive evaluation |
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