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Elementary Psychology
Exam 2
126
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/01/2011

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Term
Learning
Definition
process by which experience produces a relatively enduring chagne in an organis's behavior or capabilities
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which behavior is: -strengthened/diminished
-learned association between behavior and results
Term
operant behavior
Definition
the behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
increases the probability that the preceding action will be repeated in the future
Term
positive reingorcement
Definition
adding something to increase a behavior
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
taking away something to increase a behavior
Term
Punishment
Definition
an event that decreases the probability that the preceding action will be repeated in the future
Term
positive punishment
Definition
adding something to decrease a behavior
Term
negative punishment
Definition
taking away something to decrease a behavior
Term
Positive
Definition
object/event is added
Term
negative
Definition
object/event has been removed
Term
consequence
Definition
punishment and reinforcement happen AFTER the behavior
Term
Discriminative stimulus
Definition
signals the presence of particular contingencies of reinforcement
Term
schedules of reinfrocement
Definition
continuous, partial, fixed ratio schedule, variable ratio schedule, fixed-interval schedule
Term
continuous reinfrocement
Definition
reinfrocement of the desired behavior EVERY time it occurs
Term
Partial reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement SOME of the time
Term
fixed ratio schedule
Definition
reinforced behavior after a set number of responses
Term
variable ratio schedule
Definition
reinfoce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses
Term
fixed interval schedule
Definition
reinforce first response after a fixed TIME period
Term
variable-interval schedule
Definition
reinforce first response after carying TIME intervals
Term
Shaping
Definition
reinforcement begins with a behavior that the organism ALREADY performs
Term
Observational learning
Definition
learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
Bobo doll experiment
Term
bobo doll experiment
Definition
aggressive acts toward the doll (kids imitated actions on doll)
Term
Vicarious conditioning
Definition
learning the consequences of an action from observing its consequences for someone else
Term
Learning
Definition
relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior arising from experience but lack of behavior doesnt mean learning did not take place
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Ivan Pavlov
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
"Tower of silence"
experimented with dogs
classical conditioning
Term
Tower of silence
Definition
Ivan Pavlov's institution for experimenting on dogs
Term
Pavlovian conditioning
Definition
uncoditioned stimulus is natural unconditioned response
Term
conditioned response
Definition
salivation after tuning fork (before meat is introduced)
Term
Drug tolerance/overdose
Definition
classical conditioning
Term
phobias
Definition
FEAR! little albert
Term
cephalic inslin response
Definition
learned insulin secretion at sight/smell of food
Term
scapegoat food
Definition
false association
Term
Bernstein
Definition
cancer patients receiving chemotherapy can learn to associate the nausea with hospital food
Term
Donald O Hebb
Definition
"Neurons that fire together wire together"stimulus connets stimulus' together
Term
"neurons that fire together wire together"
Definition
accounts for learning by having neurons fire at the same time for different stimulus connects stimulus' together
Term
Pavlovian phenomena
Definition
order of condition (which is best), extinction, spontaneous recovery, response generalization, stimulus discrimination, and sensory preconditinoing/higher order conditioning (learn CR CS never paired with US!)
Term
order of conditioning (best to worst)
Definition
delayed conditioning (best), trace conditioning (good learning but they have to remember), simultaneous conditioning (not so good), bakcward conditioning (horrible)
Term
extinction
Definition
present CS without US and the CR dies
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
after period of time, new presentation of CS elicits CR, extinction is NOT the process of forgetting but of learning not to respond
Term
response generalization
Definition
CR elicited by stimulus similar to original CS
Term
Temporal contiguity of CS and US is essential for learning
Definition
CLOSE together in time
Term
the Garcia Effect
Definition
taste aversion learning
Term
Blocking effect
Definition
NOOOOOOOOOOOOO idea
Term
Edward Thorndike
Definition
cats in puzzle boxes (maze-ish)
Term
Thorndike law of effect
Definition
behavior that has favorable consequences will tend to be repeated and behavior that has unfacorable consequences will not tend to be repeated
Term
Skinner (Operant terminology)
Definition
positive and negative reinforcement
Term
latent learning in a maze
Definition
mice learned about maze even without reward
Term
Observational learning
Definition
learn by observation, imitation
Term
Motivational learning
Definition
"expectancies" produce learning
Predictors - "expectations"
Term
Garcia and Koelling
Definition
Biological constraints on learning
Term
Memory
Definition
not perfect, selective and creative; past always better than the future
Term
Hermannn Ebbinghaus
Definition
first experimental studies of memory (did experiments only on himself)
Serial position
Term
Serial position
Definition
remember the beginning and the end of lists
Term
Ebbinghaus' forgerring curve
Definition
very steep early on but there is 20% that lingers long long time
Term
Memory schema
Definition
sensory stores
Term
Iconic
Definition
VISUAL, Sperling,memory tachascope, asked for whole or partial report (remember for only a second)
Term
echoic
Definition
AUDITORY, bea...vis, cart...man
Term
haptic
Definition
TACTILE
Term
Short term memory
Definition
temporary memory, working memory, rehearsal, coding, decisions, retrieval strategies (7+-2) bits of information
Term
Chunking
Definition
combinning small elements into a greater whole (like tele numbers)
less to remember
Term
visual chunking
Definition
chess masters chunk pieces into positions that would happen in actual game
Term
longterm memory
Definition
permanent memory (no limit)
Term
Spiro
Definition
more confident in memories add extra details
Term
hypnosis HYPERNESIA (memory recall)
Definition
does not enhanced recall, suggestibility gives us more confident in recall
Term
Loftus
Definition
Implanted memories
Lost in the mall experiment
Term
John watson
Definition
consciousness (not observable not scientific
Term
William James
Definition
Functionalists, knowledge of our own existence, behavior, perceptions, thoughts "SELF AWARE"need communication
Term
Turning test
Definition
possible operation definition of consciousness
Term
Chinese room
Definition
conversation with dictionary
Term
Attention
Definition
process of selectively focusing on particular stimuli
Term
pay attention
Definition
enters explicit memory (declarative memory)
Term
not pay attention
Definition
may enter implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)
Term
Dichotic listening tasks
Definition
form a conditioned emotional response to words paired with shock
Term
Sensory neglect
Definition
hemispatial negleck; left side of drawing is unfinished
Term
Balints' syndrome
Definition
both parietal lobes damaged
Term
simultanagnosia
Definition
(one at a time)
Term
sleep
Definition
all vertebraes sleep
Term
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
measures "net sum" of electrical activity "brain waves"
Term
Sleep stages
Definition
as person starts to fall asleep the wave becomes slower and bigger (amplitude)
Term
synchronicity
Definition
neurons fire together get bigger
Term
REM sleep
Definition
rapid eye movement aka "paradoxical sleep" similar to being awake
loss of muscle tone
REM cycles 4 times per night
Term
paradoxical sleep
Definition
similar wave to being awake
Term
adaption theory
Definition
protect us from harm
conserve energy
Term
Restoration Theory
Definition
repair or replenish body or brain of "something mental activity (repair brain functions)
Term
REM sleep: rebound, go directly to REM
Definition
sleep alot = large percentage of REM sleep
Term
purposes of REM sleep
Definition
vigilance, memory consolidation, brain development
Term
much higher sleep stage in infants
Definition
REM
Term
Wish fulfillment
Definition
sigmund freud
manifest content vs latent content
only type of dreams
hidden meaning
Term
Problem solving
Definition
Friedrich Kekule's
dream of the benzene ring
Term
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Definition
PGO spikes
visual attempt by forebrain to make sense of PGO spike
NO MEANING (random)
Term
Lucid dreaming
Definition
realize you are dreaming and control dream
Term
insomnia
Definition
depression
drug abuse
onset vs maintenance
onset = falling asleep
maintenance = staying asleep
Term
pseudo insomnia
Definition
dream that youre awake
doesnt feel like you were asleep
Term
sleep apnea
Definition
lack of oxygen to the brain after falling asleep
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
sleep attacks
cataplexy (muscular paralysis)
sleep paralysis
hypnagogic hallucination (dreaming while awake)
Term
REM without atonia
Definition
dreams but muscles not paralyzed
act out dreams
Term
Slow-wave sleep disorders
Definition
bedwetting
sleep walking
night terrors
Term
Anton Mesmer
Definition
animal magnetism
mesmerization (hypnosis)
suggestibility
Term
perceptual
Definition
pain relief
distraction
Term
cognitive
Definition
hypermnesia = enhanced recall (not true)
Term
behavioral
Definition
post hypnotic suggestions (no smoking)
Term
Freudian unconscious
Definition
Tachistoscope presentation
mommy and i are one
emotionally charged
Term
Subliminal perception
Definition
small stimuli DOESNT WORK
Term
perception without awareness
Definition
BLIND sight
dichotic listening tasks
Term
Social psychology
Definition
study of the way behavior or cognitions are influenced by the presence of others
Term
Social effects on memory
Definition
conform to group recall!
Term
Stanley Milgram
Definition
Obedience to authority
Term
Solomon Asch
Definition
social conformity
visual perception
Term
bystander intervention
Definition
notice situation
define situation as an emergency
take personal responsibility to do something
Term
diffusion of responsibility
Definition
number of bystanders increases likelihood of help decreases
Term
attricution theory
Definition
inferring the causes of behavior
Term
Kelley
Definition
Consensus
consistency
distinctiveness
Term
Weiner
Definition
our own behavior
Term
fundamental attribution errror
Definition
behavior is willful
person first not situation
attribute persons behavior to internal dimensions
Term
actor-observer bias
Definition
actor puts cause in environment
observer puts cause in the actor
Term
Saliency
Definition
something that grabs your attention sticks out
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
attribute in way that makes us look good
Term
relationship-maintaining bias
Definition
attributions one person in a relationship makes about the other
Term
sternberg theory of attraction
Definition
passion
intimacy
comitment
Term
Schacter theory of attraction
Definition
misattribution theory
attributing arousal to wrong stimulus
Term
Festinger
Definition
cognitive dissonance theory
psychological tension
Term
Bem
Definition
self perception theory
observe own behavior
Term
attraction
Definition
familiarity
similarity
physical appearance
psitive evaluation
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