Metric Notation

Powers of Ten

A whole or mixed number is expressed as the product of a factor and

the appropriate positive power of ten.

Coefficient

Base

Exponent

The number before the multiplication symbol. (Example: 6.4 is the coefficient of

6.4 x 10 2 ).

The number right after the multiplication symbol that is to be multiplied by itself.

When the

number 10 is used as the base and matched with an exponent, it is called a power of ten.

This is the superscript number next to the 10 and indicates the number of times 10 is

multiplied times itself. This number also represents the number of places the decimal point

shifts from the original number to where it ends up in the coefficient. If the decimal point

moves to the left, the exponent will be positive. If the decimal moves to the right, the

exponent will be negative.

To convert that to a power of ten:

For example, the mass of the earth is about 5,973,600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 grams (g).

We first shift the decimal point

to the left while counting each number of position changes.

5,973,600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

After moving the decimal point 27 places to the

left, we end up with a coefficient of 5.9736 and a

positive exponent

of 27.When written in scientific notation, it is 5.9736 × 1027 g.

To convert that to a power of ten:

The mass of a proton is 0.0000000000000000000000016726

grams.

We first shift the decimal to the right while counting each

number of position changes.

0.0000000000000000000000016726

After moving the decimal point 24 places to the

right, we end up with a coefficient of 1.6726 and a

negative exponent

of –24. When written in scientific notation, it is 1.6726 x 10 –24 g.

Is a form of powers of ten numbering. Scientific notation uses the same basic

procedures for manipulating numbers as powers of ten with one noticeable difference—the final form

expressed has a

coefficient of greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10.

To write a number in

scientific notation...

Put a decimal after the first digit and drop the zeroes. The exponent will be the

number of places from the decimal to the end of the number.

Example:

76.45 x 10–3 = 7.645 x 10–2

Accomplished using the previous methods of moving the

decimal point to any convenient position in the numerical coefficient as long as the

resulting exponent

is either zero or a multiple of three

. Exponents such as 9, 6, 3, 0, –3, –6, –9, and –12 allow you to

express values with the International System of Units’ (SI) prefixes.

Common powers of ten, their metric prefix, and metric symbol.

1 Decimals

10^{0Positive Exponents}

W

Watt

Common powers of ten, their metric prefix, and metric symbol.

1,000Decimals

10^{3Positive Exponents}

MetricPrefix KILO

Symbol K

Common powers of ten, their metric prefix, and metric symbol.

1,000,000

Decimals

10^{6Positive Exponents}

MetricPrefix

mega

Symbol M

Common powers of ten, their metric prefix, and metric symbol.

1,000,000,000

Decimals

10^{9Positive Exponents}

MetricPrefix

giga

Symbol

G

Common powers of ten, their metric prefix, and metric symbol.

0.1 

Decimals

 10^-1 Negative Exponents

MetricPrefix

Watts

Symbol

W

Common powers of ten, their metric prefix, and metric symbol.

0.001

Decimals

 10^-3 Negative Exponents

MetricPrefix

milli

Symbol

m

Common powers of ten, their metric prefix, and metric symbol.

0.000001

Decimals

 10^-6 Negative Exponents

MetricPrefix

micro

Symbol

μ

Common powers of ten, their metric prefix, and metric symbol.

0.000000001

Decimals

 10^-9 Negative Exponents

MetricPrefix

nano

Symbol

n

It’s common practice to use prefixes to represent these quantities. Think of the metric prefix as a

shorthand way to express a large or small number.

Example: 26.2 x 10

2 watts = 2.62 x 103 watts = 2.62 kilowatts

it makes addition, subtraction, multiplication,

and division of very large or small numbers easier.

The decimal point on either or both numbers must be adjusted until the exponents of the power of ten are identical.

Addition or

subtraction of the numerical coefficients are performed as usual, and the power of ten will be identical to the common exponent.

First, perform the desired calculation on the numerical coefficients as usual. Then calculate the

appropriate power of ten. For multiplication calculations, the power of ten for the result is the

sum of

the powers of ten exponents. For division calculations, the power of ten for the result is the

difference

of the divisor and dividend (numerator and denominator) exponents.

Electronics Theory

Electricity

a general term used for the variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow

of electrical charge.

Concepts of

Electricity

atomic structures

electrical charges

electrical potential (voltage)

electric current

resistance

electrical energy

electrical power

Atomic Structure

The electron theory

Assumes that all electrical and electronic effects are due to the movement of

electrons from one place to another.

Smallest particle of a

chemical element that retains its chemical properties.

The atom

is made up of several subatomic particles:

electrons

 protons

  neutrons

Make up a dense, massive atomic nucleus in

the center of the atom and are collectively called nucleons.

Orbit the nucleus in energy levels, or

shells.

Is a property of certain subatomic particles that interact with electromagnetic fields

and causes attraction and repulsion forces between them.

When more than one electron is the same

distance from the nucleus, what is there charge?

Those electrons have the same amount of energy as each other and,

therefore, are considered to be in the same shell and have the same energy level as each other.

When

several electrons travel in their own orbit and are the same distance from the nucleus, what is their charge?

they have the

same amount of energy.

In the same shell or the

same energy level (orbit).

An atom is

electrically neutral when??

It contains the same number of positive charges in the nucleus as it has

negative charges in its orbits.

In order for an electron to fall to a lower shell, there must be room in the next lower shell, & the electron must give up a definite amount of energy. In certain instances, that energy is given up in the form of light. Similarly, electrons can move from one shell to a higher shell if there is room in the next higher shell, & the electron can absorb enough energy.

The energy needed to cause an electron to

move to a higher shell can come from...

sources like

heat energy, light energy, magnetic energy,

pressure energy, chemical (dry-cell battery)

energy, and friction (static) energy.

The electrons in the

outermost shell are...

If a valence electron absorbs sufficient energy, it attempts to move where?

can escape the attraction of the

nucleus and becomes a free electron.

The amount of energy needed to free an electron from an atom

is determined by?

What happpens when the overall charge of the atom is

now positive making it a positive ion?

If one

valence electron leaves the shell

of a neutral atom, then the atom

will be left with more protons

(+) than electrons (–).

When a valence electron

absorbs energy what will happen?

it becomes a

free electron, the charge balance

of an atom is upset.

Once a valence electron (–)

escapes the shell of an atom and

becomes free..what happens?

it no longer has a

counterbalancing effect of a

corresponding proton (+) in the

nucleus. The free electron may

lose energy and fall into a shell

around a neutral atom.

What happens when the free electron may

lose energy and fall into a shell

around a neutral atom?

the atom that the electron falls into will have one additional orbiting electron (–) than

corresponding protons (+) in the nucleus. The overall charge on the atom will be negative making it a negative ion.

What happens when

When an electron moves from one neutral atom to another?

The original atom becomes a positive ion,

and the receiving atom becomes a negative ion. Then

the free electrons are capable of moving from one

atom to another.

based on this flow

of energy.

conductors

semiconductors

  insulators

In the study of electronics..

All elements of which matter is made may be

placed into one of three categories depending on their ability to conduct electricity:

conductors

semiconductors 

insulators

Silver, copper, gold, and aluminum,

which conduct electricity very readily.

such as wood and glass, that

oppose the conduction of electricity.

Semiconductive materials such as germanium and silicon are widely used in today’s

electronic circuits because of their ability to have their electrical properties controlled by external

forces such as temperature and voltage.

The electrical conductivity of

matter is dependent upon what?

How

easily electrons will move through a conductor has to do with what factors?

the amount of opposition the conductor

offers to the movement of electrons.

is one method of removing electrons from

their orbits, copper will contain many free electrons that can move from atom to atom.

Electrical potential, or voltage, is the force or electrical energy required to move electrons from one place to another.

Letter

E

The difference in electrical potentials between two points in an electric field (the space surrounding an electric charge) Is known as what?

VOLTS

VOLTAGE

To have an electrical energy source, such as a battery (fig. 1–5), one terminal must be more positive or more negative than the other. What is this condition called?.

This condition may be referred to as a difference of potential

, an 

electromotive force, a potential, or a voltage

Battery terminals (or any other points) having unequal electrical charges have the capacity to move electrical charges through a

resistance beacause of ??

This difference of potential energy..

An automobile battery has an electromotive force, potential difference, or voltage of 12 volts.

The automobile battery voltage equals 12

volts, or

E = 12 Volts.

The movement of free electrons through a conductor.

The rate of movement of free

electrons through a conductor is measured in?