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conductive solution dissimilar metals connected by this solution is a basis for batteries |
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transforms chemical energy into electrical energy chemical reactions create a potential difference maintain constant potential difference (V), current (I) varies a source of emf in parallel |
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rate of FLOW of charge through a conductor I = ΔQ/Δt 1 Ampere = 1 C/s |
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| conventional flow says electrons flow + to - but electrons flow - to + |
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resistance is independent of voltage R = V/I Ohm (Ω) = volt/amp |
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R = ρ L/A ρ is characteristic of the material increases with temp semiconductors can decrese with temp |
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P = QV/t = IV = I2R = V2/R measured in watts |
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Fuses or Circuit breakers (2) |
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disconnect when current goes above predetermined value. Wires in home have low resistance; if power is high enough, current will increase, wires will get hot enough to start a fire Fuses can be used once; circuit breakers are reset |
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| currents can flow through these materials for years without decreasing, but at very low temps |
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pressure = potential (V) = volts rate of flow = current (I) = amps friction or cross-section area (larger hose, less friction) = resistance (r) = ohms |
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The net electric flux through any closed Gaussian surface is equal to the net charge within the surface divided by the electric permittivity, €o ΦE = Qenclosed/€o |
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