Term
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Definition
-elbow is comprised of 3 synovial joints, surrounded by 1 capsule
- proximal radioulnar joint functions as part of the forearm
-serves as middle link in UE kinematic chain |
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Term
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Definition
-provides 2 degrees of freedom blending mobility and stability
- allows for increased positioning possibilities for hand
- similar to other joints, vulnerable to a myriad of injuries |
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Term
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Definition
-epicondyles- medial and lateral
-lateral supracondylar ridge
-trochlea
-capitulum
-grooves- capitulotrochlear and trochlear
-fossas- coronoid, radial, and olecranon |
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Term
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Definition
-processes- olecranon and coronoid
-trochlear or semilunar notch
-trochlear ridge
ulnar tuberosity
radial notch |
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Term
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Definition
-radial head
- radial neck
-radial tuberosity
- fovea |
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Term
| Humeroulnar & Humeroradial joints |
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Definition
-humeroulnar articulation is primary
-stability provided by:
-bony geometry
-ligamentous support
-loose capsule; large bursae (olecranon) |
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Term
| Humeroulnar & Humeroradial OsteoKinematics |
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Definition
-hinge joint- 1 degree of freedom
-flexion/extension- sagittal plane- M/L axis
- trochlea more distal than capitulum
- carrying angle |
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Term
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Definition
-aka 'cubital angle' or 'cubital valgus'
- on avg- 15 degrees; females > males
- cubital varus
- usually the result of a distal humeral fracture
- 'gunstock deformity' |
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Term
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Definition
combination of:
- GH lateral rotation, elbow extension, and forearm supination
- no clear function- more efficient to move hand to mouth
- flexion assoc. with smaller carrying angle |
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Term
| Humeroulnar and humeroradial osteokinematics |
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Definition
ROM: 0-145 degrees
end feels:
-extension- bony
- flexion- usually soft tissue approximation |
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Term
| humeroulnar and humeroradial arthrokinematics |
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Definition
-assoc. motions b/w surfaces is small
- classed packed positions
- humeroulnar- full extension
-humeroradial- mid-flexion; mid-pronation
-radioulnar- full supination or full pronation |
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Term
| humeroulnar arthrokinematics |
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Definition
- concave on convex
-flexion
-coronoid process abuts coronoid fossa
-requires normal length of posterior capsule, posterior fibers of Medial Collateral Ligament, ulnar nerve and elbow extensors |
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Term
| Humeroulnar athrokinematics |
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Definition
- concave on convex
- extension
-olecranon process abuts olecranon fossa
- req. normal length of anterior capsule, anterior fibers of medial collateral ligament, elbow flexors |
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Term
| humeroradial arthrokinematics |
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Definition
-concave on convex
- in full extension, no contact b/w radius and humerus
- in flexion, radial head slides in capitulotrochlear groove |
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Term
| soft tissue of humeroulnar and humeroradial articulations |
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Definition
capsule
- anterior aspect taut in extension
-posterior aspect taut in flexion
ligaments
-MCL- anterior/posterior/transverse
-lateral collateral ligament |
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Term
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Definition
-proximal and distal radioulnar joints= 1 degree of freedom
- contribute to supination/pronation
-motion occurs in transverse plane
- Open kinematic chain- radius pivots around ulna |
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Term
| radioulnar osteokinematics |
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Definition
-combined ROM (proximal RU + distal RU)= 150-180 degrees
- end feels
-supination- firm
-pronation- either firm or hard
-should be examined with elbow in flexion
-prevents shoulder from substituting |
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Term
| proximal RU athrokinematics |
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Definition
-pivot or trochoid joint
- convex on concave
- radial head restricted to rotation/spin secondary to annular ligament |
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Term
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Definition
brachialis- largest of all elbow flexors
biceps brachii
brachioradialis |
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Term
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Definition
| flexion of humeroulnar joint |
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Term
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Definition
flexion of GH joint
flexion of the elbow joint
supination of radioulnar joint |
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Term
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Definition
flexion of elbow joint
supination/pronation of radioulnar joint from mid position |
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Term
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Definition
| flexes elbow when forearm is pronated |
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Term
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Definition
| flexes elbow when forearm is supinated |
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Term
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Definition
| flexes elbow when forearm is in mid position |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extension at GH joint and extension at the humeroulnar joint |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of humeroulnar joint |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pronator teres
pronator quadratus |
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Term
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Definition
| pronation and weak elbow flexion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| functional movement of the elbow and forearm |
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Definition
muscles as agonists/antagonists/synergists
-functional movement occurs as a result of muscles acting together
- rarely do muscles act i isolation |
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Term
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Definition
synergistic action is affected by demands of task
for ex: biceps/triceps- flexion/extension; turning doorknob
increased resistance>> more muscles recruited at and away from site |
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Term
| one and multi-joint muscles |
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Definition
-single joint muscles recruited before multi-joint muscles
-brachialis recruited with all elbow flexion activities
-strength capability of multi-joint muscles is influenced by position of other joints it crosses
-active insufficiency of multi-joint muscles is typically avoided by body |
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Term
| typical muscular function- elbow flexion |
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Definition
-brachialis- recruited for all elbow flexion activities
-biceps- activated versus large resistance
-brachialis and biceps have favorable moment arms
-brachioradialis is a weak elbow flexor |
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Term
| typical muscular function- supination |
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Definition
-biceps effective as supinator at 90 degrees of flexion
- supinator muscle
-uniaxial
-not influences by elbow angle
-called upon for slow and low resistance actions |
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Term
| typical muscular function- pronation |
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Definition
pronator teres
-strongest/largest pronator
-biaxial- influenced by elbow position
pronator quadratus is consistently active |
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Term
| typical muscular function- extension |
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Definition
aconeus- small cross sectional area
- uniaxial- likely active with all elbow extension motions |
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Term
| typical muscular function- extension |
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Definition
triceps
recruited against larger forces
medial head 1st followed by lateral and then long head |
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Term
| closed kinematic chain elbow motion |
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Definition
-in extension, elbow relies on bony geometry for stability
-with slight flexion, muscles req. for stability
-pectoralis major is capable of extending elbow in a CKC (important feature for those with SCI) |
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Term
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Definition
elbow flexes and forearm supinates
triceps control elbow flexion as comb moves toward head
biceps and brachialis contract as comb moves down head
pronator teres and quadratus co-contract to hold forearm in supination |
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Term
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Definition
closed kinematic chain- 'pull up'
biceps and brachialis flex elbow concentrically and control extension eccentrically
supinator and biceps provide supination force |
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Term
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Definition
| open kinematic chain- 'pull down' |
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