The                 is the portion of earth where life occurs

Most organisms exist b/t              ft above sea level and                 feet below sea level

biosphere

20,000   6,000

The                            is the deepest part of the world's oceans and it is located in the                 ocean.

What are the top 5 deepest oceans in the world starting with the deepest?

Marianas trench; pacific

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic

A natural grouping of different plants and animals within a given habitat is defined as

a(n)                       .

Same species living together within a given area is defined as a(n)                  .

biotic community

population

Explain the community concept

A species that is brought from someplace else that has no natural predator in its new home is called

a(n)                    species. What were the 2 examples he gave?

invasive;  kudzu & dandelions

(dandelions were brought from Europe to be eaten like lettuce)

Plants are usually the ecological dominant b/c

1) They provide food and shelter.  2) They affect and modify their physical environment (they make topsoil, moderate temps, etc)

  As a general rule, the number of dominant species within a community increases/decreases as one moves toward the poles and increases/decreases  as one moves towards the equator.

Dominant species are greater/fewer in areas of extreme climate

decreases; increases

fewer

Species composition of a biotic community is profoundly affected by the physical characteristics of the environment, especially                and                .

Terrestrial communities have beed divided into general groupings called              .

Temperature and rainfall

biomes

The following are characteristics of what biome?

The temps are very low at night and very high during the day. The plants and animals are characterized by species that are drought tolerant. The animals are active at night, remaining under cover during the day.

desert

What is the max amount of rain a biome can have annually to be considered a desert?

What other biome did we learn was a desert? How many inches of rain does it get annually?

Do deserts have proportionally more or less annual plants than other biomes?

10"

The tundra receives 8"/yr

More

What biome has the following characteristics?

Permafrost and lots of big mosquitoes.

tundra

What biome has lots of lakes and covers much of Canada, Scandinavia & Russia? What is this biomes dominant vegetation?

Taiga

Conifer trees including spruce, firs, hemlock and pines.

What biome has a milder climate and more rainfall than the taiga?

T or F: Tropical Rain Forest soils are exceedingly thin and nutrient poor.

In which climate are carnivores such as coyotes & lions (rodents and many species of reptile) abundant?

Temperate Deciduous Forest

True

Grasslands

What biome has high temps and an annual rainfall of > 100"?

Which biome is where Western, Chinese & Japanese civilizations developed?

What biome has a high evaporation rate and  insufficient rainfall to sustain the growth of trees?

Tropical Rain Forest

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Grasslands

Which biome has the highest concentration of organic matter in the soil?

 Which biome is being destroyed faster than any other due to human population growth and governmental actions?

Maples, Oak, Beech and Hickory trees are common in what biome?

Grasslands

Tropical Rain Forest 

Temperate Deciduous Forest

1) Top canopy at 200'

2) Lower canopy at 100'

3) sparse understory

4) ground level

What biome is Oklahoma?

What biome has the highest number of species on the planet, but the number in each species is limited?

Grasslands

Tropical Rain Forest

Why do deserts have high daytime temps and low nighttime temps?

The                                   rate tells us we lose 6 degrees Celsius per 1000 meters.

B/c there is no organic matter to hold moisture in the sand.

Adiabatic lapse

W/in any biotic community, each species is defined by its own unique position or                             , different from that of any other member of the community.

The               of                            says that when 2 species are competing for the same limited resources, only one will survive.

Ecological niche

The "Principles of Competitive Exclusion"

A(n)                             is usually defined by its size and food habits

What medication did he mention that is used for head lice?

Ecological niche

Quell lotion

              of               allow cohabiting species to overcome the principles of competitive exclusion.  What 2 examples did he give?

Partitioning of Resources 

Example 1: Head lice aren't found in the pubic region and crab lice aren't found in the head region.

Example 2: Certain species may come to the watering hole at different times of the day.

Limiting factors

What are the 4 examples of limiting factors?

Organisms that are widely distributed will have a high/low (choose) tolerance for these factors.

Temperature, Oxygen, Minerals, Water

high

Example 1: If thalidomide would have been taken before or after organogenesis, there would not have been any birth defects.

Example 2: acid rain is deadly to roe, but not to adult fish.

6 degrees Celsius per 1000 meters

 This could be asked on a test: if you took off at 700F,  & you went up 36,000 feet, what is the temperature?

What does the first law of thermodynamics say?

The second law?

Energy can neither be created or destroyed.

W/ every energy transformation, there is a loss of usable energy (it's the available energy, not the total energy that decreases).

               energy accomplishes work

              energy is absorbed and converted

               energy is converted to wind currents

                energy can be converted to kinetic energy.

Kinetic

Solar

 Heat

Potential

                 states that all energy is moving toward an ever less available and more dispersed state.

Which law of thermodynamics has implications towards ecologic relationships?

Choose:  There will always, never, sometimes be a significant loss of usable energy whenever energy is transferred from one organism to another.

Entropy

The second law

Always

What is Klinkenbeard's job?

What did he get his degree in?

Industrial hygienist

mycology (he went on a black mold tangent: very few species of mold are black mold, and the ones that are black mold are not going to cause a problem unless you have a weak immune system)

A transfer of food energy through a given source through a series of food organisms defines

a(n)                           .

FOOD CHAINS

               convert the sun's energy into food energy. Give examples.

                consume producers. Give examples.

                are essential to recycle detritus back into the soil where it will once again be available for use by plants, algae, etc. Give examples.

Producers; plants and algae

Consumers; carnivores & herbivores

Decomposers; bacteria and fungi

Long ago, there was an ice age. Did we have to go through global warming to get out of the ice age? Many scientists believe we have come out of 9 ice ages.  In the last 5 yrs, OKC temps have dropped 1.1 degrees.

Some believe carbon monoxide in ice cores tell us there is global warming.

               food chains (predator chains) start with a plant base and proceeds from smaller to larger animals.

               food chains are where dead organic matter is broken down by microbes which are consumed by small animals that derive energy from bacteria.

                food chains are where energy flows from larger to smaller animals (dogs to fleas to protozoans).

Grazing

Detritus

Parasitic

At the bottom of an ecological pyramid are the              (more, biomass).  In the middle, are the              . At the top, are the              (fewer, larger).

producers

primary consumers

 final consumers

 At each transfer of energy within a food chain approximately      % of the chemical energy stored in organisms of the lower level is lost and therefore unavailable to the higher level.

For example, 10,000  lbs of corn -->               #s of beef 

-->             #s of human

90%

10,000 --> 1,000 --> 100

So, by moving humans one step closer in the food chain, 10X more energy becomes directly available.

biogeochemical cycling

nutrients

What are the macronutrients?

What are the trace elements?

S, P, O, N, C, H, Ca, Mg, K

I, Fe, Cl, Cu, Zn

1) Respiration

2) Decay of dead organisms

3) natural weathering of limestone

4) combustion of organic fuels (coal, oil, gas, wood)

1) Free nitrogen gas in the atmosphere

2) Nitrogen stored in rock forming mineral

1) Lightning converts nitrogen to nitrogen oxide. Nitrogen oxide dissolves in the soil and bacteria convert it to nitrates. Plants can take up nitrates.

2) Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is the most significant way. Nitrogenous wastes (dead organisms, feces) are decomposed to ammonia, then converted to nitrates that may be taken up by plants are converted back to free nitrogen gas.

                              is defined as component communities of an ecosystem changing in an orderly sequence within a given area

                     is “the gradual replacement of one biotic community by another over time”

ecological succession

succession

He went over slides 51 - 56 really fast and said there would probably be a simple question about it.

That's all

 The maximum growth rate that a population could achieve in an unlimited environment is referred to as that population’s                         . It  never happens due to “limiting factors”: food shortage, overcrowding, disease predation, and accumulation of toxic wastes.

 The environmental pressures that limit a population’s capacity for growth is called                               

biotic potential

environmental resistance

Population growth forms

S curve and J curve

Define the J curve. Be sure to give an example.

He said he may ask you to draw an S or J curve. It will not copy and paste from his notes for some reason. It's slide 61 from ch 1 & 2 notes. Be sure to notice that when you draw your curve, you don't start on the line. You don't start out with zero organisms.

In the J curve, the exponential growth exceeds the carrying capacity and frequently results in population crashes.  Snowshoe hares are an example.

What's the guys name that proposed if we continue on like we're going, we'll eventually use up all of our resources (J-curve)?

                           are self-regulating factors to control population.

Malthus said population would outpace agriculture

homeostatic controls

A tangent: He said everyone should have a CIA fact book. It will tell you anything about any country you want to know about.

1) China

2) India

3) USA

1) Public sanitation

2) Advances in agriculture (being able to grow ur own crop rather than being a hunter and gatherer)

3) Control over infectious diseases

Bacteria from fleas on rats

A large black lymphnode

What is a demographic transition?

What is an incomplete demographic transition?

The falling of both birth and death rates.

Moving from high births and high deaths to high births and low deaths.

What ages are considered economically productive?

 A high percentage of the population under the age of      is indicative of explosive growth potential of a population

15-59

15

T or F: An ecosystem does not use basic functional units

T or F:  An ecosystem has no defining size limitations

F

T

Why don't the grasslands have many trees?

What are the common trees found in the temperate deciduous forest?

They have a high evaporation rate and insufficient rainfall

Maple, Oak, Beech, and Hickory