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Effects on Embryo and Fetus
Radiation Effects on Embryo and Fetus
27
Physics
Undergraduate 4
11/07/2008

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Cards

Term
The most sensitive stage in the entire human lifespan is when?
Definition
While in vitro (embryo/fetus)
Term
What 3 general types of effects can occur to an embryo or fetus as a result of radiation exposure?
Definition
Death (lethality)
Congenital abnormalities
Long term late effects
Term
When leukemia is the effect of radiation exposure to an embryo or fetus, at what age does it usually develop?
Definition
Age 7 to 13
Term
If a child develops leukemia as a result of radiation exposure while in vitro, what type of effect is this (early/late? Stochastic/nonstochastic?)
Definition
Late and stochastic
Term
When is in vitro death most likely to occur even at diagnostic levels of radiation?
Definition
Early in the pregnancy
Term
Congenital abnormality as a result of radiation exposure in vitro is a result of what (not genetic mutation)
Definition
Damage to somatic cells while fetus is developing.
Term
The three factors which influence what type of damage is done to the embryo or fetus (death, congenital abnormality, or LTLE) are:
Definition
1. Dose
2. Type of radiation
3. Time of gestation
Term
The pre-implantation phase of gestation is from when to when?
Definition
From conception to 10 days after conception.
Term
In mice, a dose as low as **** RADs can cause death during the pre-implantation stage.
Definition
5
Term
Given the relative LD 50/30 values for mice and humans, the human dose for embryonic death is likely **** (less or more) than the dose for mice?
Definition
Less (than 5 RADs, the dose for mice)
Term
What stage of gestation is the all-or-none effect relevant for and what does it say?
Definition
During pre-implantation, exposure to radiation will either kill the embryo, or there will be no effect at all.
Term
What makes the all-or-none effect true?
Definition
During pre-implantation, all the cells are still identical and undifferentiated - if all but one cell is killed, the one left will still keep dividing and there will be no ill effects.
Term
What is the natural incidence of embryo death (miscarriage) in the pre=implantation stage?
Definition
25% to 50%
Term
Which stage of gestation lasts from implantation through the 6th week of pregnancy?
Definition
major organogenesis
Term
What is the #1 concern from radiation exposure during major organogenesis?
Definition
congenital abnormalities
Term
Which time period during major organogenesis is the most critical time for congenital abnormalities?
Definition
Days 20 to 40
Term
During what time period during major organogenesis is the developing CNS especially sensitive to radiation?
Definition
Days 23 to 27
Term
During what time period are the muscular and skeletal systems most sensitive to radiation?
Definition
The 3rd through 20th week.
Term
What time period defines the fetal stage of gestation?
Definition
7th week to delivery
Term
What is the #1 concern from radiation exposure during the fetal stage?
Definition
Long-term late effects
Term
Radiation exposure during the fetal stage can cause these 5 LTLEs:
Definition
1. Diminished growth and development
2. Leukemia
3. Sterility (esp in females)
4. Increased risk of all cancers
5. Changes in physiology/metabolism
Term
Leukemia is cancer of the ****?
Definition
Bone marrow.
Term
Data on leukemia development in children who were radiated while in vitro comes primarily from at study done at what university?
Definition
Oxford
Term
The Oxford study shows that 1 RAD to a fetus increases the risk of developing leukemia as a LTLE as much as **%
Definition
40
Term
Which gender is more prone to developing sterility as a LTLE of in vitro radiation exposure?
Definition
Females
Term
Radiation exposure to a baby in the fetal stage leads to an increased risk of all cancers. Females are more susceptible to *** cancer, males more to *** cancer in this situation.
Definition
Females - thyroid cancer
Males - bone cancer
Term
What types of diseases can show up as LTLE due to radiation exposure in the fetal stage under the category of changes to physiology/metabolism (3 examples)
Definition
1. Diabetes
2. RA
3. Lupus
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