Term
| There are about ______ species of living vertebrates |
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Definition
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Term
| The most diverse of all vertebrates are the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The least diverse of all vertebrates are the ______ |
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Definition
| Cartilaginous Fishes (Sharks, Skates, Rays) |
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Term
| Classification that attempts to group animals based on shared derived characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| Shared derived characteristics are known as _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Ancestral characters passed down are known as _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are not informative about evolutionary relationships |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Any sort of character can be used to reconstruct phylogenic or evolutionary relationships among organisms, including morphology, molecular genetic characters, physiological traits, and behavioral traits. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ traits are more conservative and better than physiological and behavioral traits when being used in phylogenetic studies |
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Definition
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Term
| Most large-scale phylogenetic studies of vertebrates are now based primarily on ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Characters that are present in both the outgroup and ingroup are considered ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Characters present only in the ingroup are considered to be ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Vertebrates are placed in the phylum _______ which also includes tunicates (Urochordata) and lancelets (Cephalochordata) |
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Definition
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Term
| Chordata is characterized by having a stiff rod, or _____ present in the dorsal part of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Chordata is part of the major clade _______, which also includes acorn worms (Hemichordata) and the Echinodermata |
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Definition
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Term
| All duterostomes share a developmental plan -- the ______, the opening that forms in the hollow ball of cells early in development, becomes the anus. |
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Definition
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Term
| In Protostomes, the _______ becomes the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| The first chordate fossils appeared in ______ deposits about 500-600 million years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| The best known chordate fossil deposits are the _______ found in British Columbia and in China. |
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Definition
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Term
| The earliest chordates are the ______ from Burgess Shale and ______ from China, both which had notochords. |
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Definition
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Term
| The closest living equivalents to the Pikaia are the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The mode of ______ seen in chordates is presumed to be the ancestral feeding mode of all vertebrates |
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Definition
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Term
| --------------LECTURE2------------------ |
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Definition
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Term
| The first record of mineralized tissues in vertebrates come from _______ that covered the head region of early vertebrates called ostracoderms |
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Definition
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Term
| bone is a mixture of collagen fibers, cells called ______ that secrete a protein matrix and crystals of _______ |
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Definition
| osteocytes; calcium phosphate |
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Term
| spongy bone is also known as ______ bone |
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Definition
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Term
| Bone is supplied by blood vessels that run though ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The vertebrate skeleton is composed of the ______ and _______ skeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ skeleton was the first to evolve and consists of the skull, visceral(pharyngeal) skeleton, notochord, vertebrae, and ribs. |
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Definition
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Term
| In fishes, the axial skeleton includes ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ skeleton consists of paired appendages and their associated pelvic and pectoral girdles |
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Definition
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Term
| The earliest vertebrates, ________, lacked paired appendages |
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Definition
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Term
| In fishes and small amphibians, the ______ skeleton makes up most of the skeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| There has been an evolutionary trend towards _____ of skull structure |
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Definition
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Term
| Three basic elements of the skull are _____, _____, and _______ |
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Definition
| chondro, splancho , and dermatocranium |
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Term
| The _______ is initially composed of cartilage |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ is the deepest part of the skull surrounding the brain and sense organs and the most ancient phylogenetically |
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Definition
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Term
| In lampreys, hagfishes and cartiliginous fished, the _____ is retained as the main part of the skull, and they lack a _______ alltogether |
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Definition
| chondrocranium; dermatocranium |
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Term
| In animals like the salamander Necturus, the condrocranium converts to bone in embryonic development to form _________ bone |
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Definition
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Term
| Necturus lacks ______ bone seen in most tetrapods |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ consists of viseral arches, which originally evolved to support gills |
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Definition
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Term
| The visceral arches are key to evolution because the anterior arches evolved into jaws and other parts of the splachnocranium give rise to the ______ that supports the tounge, trachea and larynx |
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Definition
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Term
| The last part of the skull to evolve was the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The dermatocranium differs from the other two because: |
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Definition
| formed from dermal bone that is derived from integument rather than cartilage |
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Term
| In bony fishes and all tetrapods, the ______ skull consists of the roof of the skull, jaw and eye area, gill covers (opercula) and the roof of the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| Hagfishes, lampreys and cartiligious fishes do not have ______skulls |
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Definition
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Term
| in most vertebrates, the notochord remains in parts of the _______ of each vertebra and the padding between them |
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Definition
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Term
| Having a large number of of mostly undifferentiated vertebrae is the _____ condition of vertebrates |
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Definition
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Term
| The ancestral mode of locomotion for vertebrates, retained in fishes and salamanders, is _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| In frogs, the sacral vertebra are fused into a solid structure, the _____ that forms the rigid pelvic girdle |
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Definition
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Term
| the urostyle adaptation in frogs is made for ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| along with frogs, _____ also have a lot of fusion of sacral vertebrae |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ lock the vertebrae together and greatly strengthen the whole spine |
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Definition
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Term
| Fish do not have ______ because the water supports their spine |
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Definition
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Term
| Vertebrates inherited a pattern of axial muscles divided into distinct segments called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Axial muscles are divided into two sections, the ______ muscles and ________ muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ muscles are found above the midline of the side of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| the ______ muscles are found below the midline of the side of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| In tetrapods, the ______ become arranged into distinct layers with fibers running in opposite directions |
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Definition
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Term
| The muscles associated with the _______ are involved with feeding and respiration, and are innervated by visceral motor neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Jawed vertebrates evolved a new set of muscles called the ________ muscles which are involved in opening the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| --------LECTURE 3--------- |
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Definition
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Term
| continental drift is driven by ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| New material is being created along _______ in the major oceans |
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Definition
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Term
| old material descends into the mantel of the earth, which occurs along ________ zones |
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Definition
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Term
| Earliest fossil evidence of vertebrates is in the _____ Era |
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Definition
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Term
| In the _____, most continents were neat the equator and the climate was warm |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ was a fishlike creature only 3 cm long, had no body plates but did have dorsal and ventral fins. Lacked jaws and paired appendages. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ from the Cambrian Period are known mostly from very tiny, hard tooth-like structures |
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Definition
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Term
| The earliest fossil records were from jawless fish, collectively called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ostracoderms are considered (mono/para) phyletic |
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Definition
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Term
| best preserved Ordovician ostracoderms is the genus _______ from Australia |
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Definition
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Term
| Arandapsis show evidence of sensory pits on their head, which indicates _________ or _________ used to detect prey |
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Definition
| electroreceptors; lateral line organs |
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Term
| ostracoderms hace a large number of _______ on each side of the head |
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Definition
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Term
| All the lineages of ostracoderms were extinct by the end of the _______ period, 365 million years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| The most primative of the ostracoderms that appears first in fossil records is a group called the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the early heterostracans lacked any sort of _______ on the side of their body |
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Definition
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Term
| Most early ostracoderms had _______ tails, with the lower lobe of the tail being longer than the upper lobe |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ had a single bony head shield |
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Definition
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Term
| heterocercal tails are thought to provide greater lift in water than _______ tails |
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Definition
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Term
| hagfishes retain the ancestral ______ of non-vertebrate chordates |
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Definition
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Term
| Hagfishes have ____ on a muscular tongue |
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Definition
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Term
| --------LECTURE4---------- |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilaginous fishes include two major lineages, the ______ and ______ |
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Definition
| elasmobranchs; holocephalans |
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Term
| ________ all have multiple gill openings |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ only have a single gill opening |
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Definition
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Term
| In ________, the jaws are only loosely attached to the head |
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Definition
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Term
| modern sharks skates and rays first appeared in the ______ period |
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Definition
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Term
| The upper jaw of sharks is anchored to the braincase by the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| most sharks have torpedo bodies, but some are flatted for life on the bottom like the _______ angel |
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Definition
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Term
| elasmobranchs and holocephalans maintain body fluid concentrations at the same ion concentration as seawater by accumulating waste products in the form of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Two factors for retention of urea: |
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Definition
1) gills impermeable to urea, not lost in diffusion
2) kidney tubules have high capacity to reabsorb urea |
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Term
| All elasmobranchs have _________ by means of claspers inserted into the cloaca of the female during mating |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ produce small numbers of very large eggs |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryos nourished entirely by yolk reserves are _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryos nourished by placenta-like structure are ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| --------LECTURE 5---------- |
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Definition
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Term
| The first fishes to appear with jaws in the fossil record are the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The Acanthodians and Osteichthyes together are called the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The bony fishes, Osteichthyes, first appeared during the ______ era |
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Definition
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Term
| the ______ period is often called the Age of Fishes |
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Definition
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Term
| Modern body fishes did not appear until the _______, about 250 million years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| Devonian seas were dominated by Chondrichthyes and two lineages of bony fishes, the _______ and _______ |
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Definition
| Sarcopterygii (lobed fin fishes) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) |
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Term
| The _______ gave rise to all terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) |
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Definition
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Term
| Living sarcopterygians include ________ (Dipnoi) and coelocanths |
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Definition
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Term
| --------LECTURE 6---------- |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ of cichlid fishes in the Great lakes of africa is an example of rapid evolution of a group of closely related species into a wide variety of morphological forms |
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Definition
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Term
| Deep sea fishes demonstrate _____ evolution to adapt to stressful living conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| to combate little to no light, deep sea fishes have _______ and big eyes |
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Definition
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Term
| water enters the mouth of sharks and rays through _______ muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| In bony fishes, water is sucked into the mouth by lowering the the floor of the mouth, called a ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Water and blood in the gills flow in ______ directions, creating a counter current exchange |
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Definition
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Term
| The counter current system ensure that ______ content in the water is always higher than that of the blood, so ______ can diffuse into the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| W.D. Hampton proposed the ________ effect |
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Definition
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Term
| the ________ states how large groups create predator confusion and group vigilance |
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Definition
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Term
| some coral reef fishes like ______ are aggressively territorial and defend patches of algae |
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Definition
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Term
| -------LECTURE 7--------- |
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Definition
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Term
| Most fish have ______ fertilization, the ancestral mode of fertilization in vertebrates |
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Definition
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Term
| Many fishes engage in _______ behavior that coordinates the behavior of males and females |
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Definition
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Term
| Some fishes have secondary internal fertilization, which is usually accomplished by means of a _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| this modified anal fin is common in the family ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Oviparous bony fishes either produce ______ eggs that float in the water column, or ______ eggs which are attached to a substrate |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ eggs set the stage for evolution of parental care, because the eggs are localized in one place and can be protected by the parent |
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Definition
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Term
| males compete for females because: |
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Definition
| males can produce sperm much faster than females can produce eggs |
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Term
| the behavior of the _______ is typical for fishes with male parental care |
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Definition
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Term
| fishes that do not defend resource-based territories often form ____ and court females with elaborate displays |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ and ______ use sneaker tactics and female mimicry tactics |
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Definition
| bluegill sunfish and salmon |
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Term
| the _______ can change from female to male as life goes on |
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Definition
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Term
| --------LECTURE8--------- |
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Definition
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Term
| Tetrapod origin began in the late Devonian, about _____ mya to the end of the Permian, _____ mya, which also marks the end of the ______ era |
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Definition
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Term
| During the late Devonian, continents began to drift together to form _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The most severe extinctions in the history of life on earth occured at the end of the _______ era |
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Definition
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Term
| The traditional view of tetrapod origins was that a group of sarcopterygian fishes called the ______ fishes were the most likely ancestors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is now the closest known relative of all other tetrapods |
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Definition
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Term
| Best known Devonian tetrapod fossils are _____ ad ______ |
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Definition
| Acanthostega ; Ichthyostega |
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Term
| Non Amniote tetrapods from the Carboniferous to the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| During the _____ period, many distinct tetrapod lineages suddenly appear in the fossil record, mostly in coal deposits |
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Definition
| Lower-Carboniferous period |
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Term
| The _____ evolved a legless body form similar to snakes |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ were very diverse and included salamander like and lizard like animals |
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Definition
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Term
| The group most relavant to the evolution of later amphibians is the _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ were salamander-like animals with external gills, but may not have been monophyletic |
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Definition
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Term
| Saw fish she didnt recognize in the market, later discovered to be a selocant. |
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Definition
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Term
| Discovered two new skeletons in Greenland |
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Definition
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Term
| Ictheoligist who confirmed Margerie's Selocant |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| First modern amphibians appeared during the _____ period |
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Definition
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Term
| Pangea formed during the _______ era |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-amniote tetrapods formed during the _______ era |
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Definition
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Term
| The first Chondricthyians were seen during the ______ era |
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Definition
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Term
| Ostracoderms were first seen during the ______ era |
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Definition
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Term
| First vertebrate fossil found in the late ______ early _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| closest living animals to the Pikaia are the _______ |
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Definition
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