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EES 1004 (class notes)
chapter 6
83
Science
Undergraduate 1
02/25/2011

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Term
fossils
Definition
___ are the remains or traces of
ancient life which have been preserved by natural causes in the Earth's crust.
Term
remains; traces
Definition
Fossils include both the ___ of organisms (such as bones or shells), and the ___ of organisms (such as tracks, trails, and burrows)
Term
trace fossils
Definition
tracks, trails, and burrows are called
Term
• Have preservable parts. Bones, shells, teeth, wood are more readily preserved than soft parts.
• Be buried by sediment to protect the organism from scavengers and decay.
• Escape physical, chemical, and biological destruction after burial (bioturbation, dissolution, metamorphism, or erosion).
Definition
To become preserved as a fossil, an organism must:
Term
• Rapid burial with sediment to prevent destruction of the dead organism by scavenging or bacterial decay.
• Presence of hard parts like bones, teeth, or shell.
Definition
These characteristics are favorable for fossil preservation: _________
Term
1. Preservation of Unaltered Hard Parts
2. Preservation of Unaltered Soft Parts
3. Chemical Alteration of Hard Parts
4. Imprints (mold & cast) of Hard Parts in Sediment
5. Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
Definition
What are the types of fossil preservation?
Term
permineralization
Definition
filling of tiny pores with minerals
Term
replacement
Definition
molecule-by-molecule substitution of one mineral for another (e.g. silica or pyrite replacing calcite)
Term
recrystallization
Definition
aragonite alters to calcite
Term
carbonization
Definition
soft tissues preserved as a thin carbon film (ferns in shale)
Term
mold
Definition
impressions
Term
cast
Definition
When molds become filled
Term
• Freezing (wooly mammoths)
• Desiccation (drying or mummification)
• Preservation in amber
• Preservation in tar (LaBrea tar pits)
• Preservation in peat bogs (Lindow man – England; Tollund man – Denmark)
Definition
What are the methods of preservation for unaltered soft parts?
Term
Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
Definition
Markings in the sediment made by the activities of organisms
Term
• Tracks
• Trails
• Burrows – in soft
sediment
• Borings – in hard material
• Root marks
Definition
What are ways that trace fossils can be made?
Term
biological classification
Definition
A system of binomial nomenclature (i.e., two names) is used to name organisms.
Term
genus; species
Definition
The first of the two names is the ___ and the second name is the ___.
Term
underlined or italicized
Definition
Genus and species names are ___ or ___.
Term
Genus; species
Definition
___ is capitalized, but ___ is not.
Term
species
Definition
A ___ is a group of organisms that have structural, functional, and developmental similarities and are able to interbreed naturally and
produce fertile offspring.
Term
species
Definition
The ___ is the fundamental unit of
biological classification.
Term
similarities
Definition
Organisms are grouped based on their ___ into taxonomic groups or taxa.
Term
taxonomic groups; taxa
Definition
Organisms are grouped based on their
similarities into ___ or ___.
Term
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (plural = phyla)
Class
Order
Family
Genus (plural = genera)
Species (singular and plural)
Definition
What are the different taxas?
Term
six; three
Definition
There are ___ kingdoms of organisms, grouped into ___ domains
Term
change
Definition
Evolution = ___
Term
organic evolution
Definition
___ refers to changes in
populations
Term
evolution
Definition
In biology, ___ is the "great unifying
theory" for understanding the history of
life.
Term
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
Definition
___ and ___ were the first scientists to assemble a large body of convincing observational evidence in support of evolution.
Term
natural selection
Definition
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace proposed a mechanism for evolution which Darwin called ___.
Term
a large body of convincing observational evidence in support of evolution.
Definition
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
were the first scientists to assemble ___.
Term
1. More offspring are produced than can survive to maturity.
2. Variations exist among the offspring.
3. Offspring must compete with one another for food, habitat, and mates.
4. Offspring with the most favorable characteristics are more likely to survive to reproduce.
5. Beneficial traits are passed on to the next generation.
Definition
Natural selection is based on what observations?
Term
On the Origin of Species
Definition
Darwin's book, "___" was published in 1859
Term
1859
Definition
Darwin's book, "On the Origin of Species", was published in ___.
Term
why
Definition
Darwin's theory was unable to explain ___
offspring exhibited variability
Term
offspring exhibited variability
Definition
Darwin's theory was unable to explain WHY
___.
Term
scientists determined that genetics is the cause of these variations.
Definition
Why offspring exhibited variability was to come many years after Darwin's theory, when ___.
Term
chromosomes
Definition
Within the nucleus of each of our cells are ___.
Term
46 (23 pair)
Definition
Human have how many chromosomes?
Term
DNA molecules
Definition
Chromosomes consist of long ___.
Term
genes
Definition
___ are the parts of the DNA molecule that transmit hereditary traits.
Term
two parallel strands
Definition
The DNA molecule consists of ___, which resemble a twisted ladder.
Term
a twisted ladder
Definition
The DNA molecule consists of two parallel strands, which resemble ___.
Term
phosphate and sugar compounds
Definition
The twisted strands are ___ and ___, linked with nitrogenous bases (adenine, thimine, guanine, and cytosine).
Term
nitrogenous bases (adenine, thimine, guanine, and cytosine)
Definition
The twisted strands are phosphate and sugar compounds, linked with ___.
Term
mutations
Definition
___ are chemical changes to the DNA
molecule.
Term
– Chemicals (including certain drugs),
– Radiation (including cosmic radiation, ultraviolet light, and gamma rays).
– Mutations may also occur spontaneously without a specific causative agent.
Definition
What are mutations caused by?
Term
sex cells
Definition
Mutations may occur in any cell, but mutations in ___ will be passed on to succeeding generations.
Term
• Mutations
• Gene recombination as a result of sexual reproduction
• Natural selection
Definition
Evolution may involve change from what three different sources?
Term
sex cells
Definition
Mutations may occur in any cell, but mutations in ___ will be passed on to succeeding generations
Term
• Mutations
• Gene recombination as a result of sexual reproduction
• Natural selection
Definition
Evolution may involve changes from what sources?
Term
speciation
Definition
The process through which new
species arise
Term
genetic differences may accumulate to the point that the different populations are no longer able to interbreed
Definition
In the limited gene pools of an isolated population, over many generations _______.
Term
considered different species
Definition
When genetic differences accumulate within a species to the point that the different populations are no longer able to interbreed, they are ____.
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
The branching of a population to produce descendants adapted to particular environments and living strategies
Term
phyletic gradualism
Definition
gradual progressive change by means of many small steps (it is an old idea)
Term
punctuated equilibrium
Definition
sudden changes interrupting long periods of little change (stasis). Most of the change occurs over a short period of time.
Term
1. Horses
2. Cephalopods and other molluscs
3. Foraminifera and other microfossils
Definition
There are many examples of gradual or sequential evolution in the fossil record, including: ____
Term
homologous structures
Definition
body parts with similar origin history origin, and structure, but different functions.
Term
vestigial organs
Definition
___ suggest a common ancestry. ___ serve no apparent purpose, but resemble functioning organs in other animals.
Term
the geologic time scale
Definition
___ is based on the appearance and disappearance of fossil species in the stratigraphic record.
Term
fossil species
Definition
The Geologic Time Scale is based on the appearance and disappearance of ___ in the stratigraphic record.
Term
stratigraphic record
Definition
The Geologic Time Scale is based on the appearance and disappearance of fossil species in the ___.
Term
strata
Definition
Fossils can also be used to correlate ___ from place to place
Term
• Changing environmental conditions that cause organisms to migrate into or out of an area.
• Reworked fossils
Definition
Apart from evolution & extinction, appearances and disappearances of fossils may indicate: ___
Term
index fossils (or guide fossils)
Definition
___ are useful in identifying time-rock units and in correlation.
Term
1. Abundant
2. Widely distributed (cosmopolitan)
3. Short geologic range (rapid evolution)
Definition
What are the characteristics of an index fossil?
Term
biozone
Definition
A body of rock deposited during the time when a particular fossil organism existed.
Term
biozone
Definition
A ___ is identified only on the basis of the fossils it contains
Term
biozones
Definition
___ are the basic unit for biostratigraphic classification and correlation.
Term
biostratigraphic
Definition
Biozones are the basic unit for ___ classification and correlation.
Term
past environments
Definition
Fossils indicate ____.
Term
pelagic realm and benthic realm
Definition
The ocean may be divided into which two realms?
Term
pelagic realm
Definition
The water mass lying above the ocean floor.
Term
benthic realm
Definition
The bottom of the sea
Term
plankton
Definition
Small plants and animals that float, drift, or swim weakly.
Term
phytoplankton
Definition
Plants and plant-like plankton, such as diatoms and coccolithophores
Term
zooplankton
Definition
Animals and animallike plankton, such as foraminifera and radiolaria
Term
nekton
Definition
Swimming animals that live within the
water column
Term
benthos (benthic organisms)
Definition
Sea-bottom dwellers
Term
migration and dispersal patterns
Definition
___ of land animals can indicate the existence of land bridge/barrier.
Term
– ~3.5 billion years old
– Remains of simple prokaryotic cells (bluegreen algae or cyanobacteria).
– Found in algal mats and stromatolites.
Definition
What are three characteristics of the oldest fossil?
Term
• Ordovician
• Devonian - roughly 70% of marine invertebrates extinct
• Permian - the greatest extinction. More than 90% of marine species disappeared or nearly went extinct
• Triassic
• Cretaceous - affected dinosaurs, other land animals, and marine organisms; about 25% of all known animal families extinct
Definition
Mass extinctions occurred at the ends of the following periods: ____________
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