Term
| what are the three steps of diagnosis of acute vision loss |
|
Definition
1. visual acuity
2. pupil exam
3. IOP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a marcus gunn pupil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constriction leads to redilation |
|
|
Term
| what are 11 conditions that cause acute vision loss |
|
Definition
corneal edema
retinal detachment
renal branch occlusion
central retinal artery occlusion
central retinal vein occlusion
macular degeneration
optic neuritis
papilledema
ischemic optic neuropathy
hemainopia
cortical blindness |
|
|
Term
| what are two signs of corneal edema |
|
Definition
ground glass
oposification |
|
|
Term
| what are risk factors for retinal detachment |
|
Definition
myopia
vitrous detachment history
intraoccular surgery |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 signs of retinal detachment |
|
Definition
marcus gunn
photopsias
floaters
curtians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the prognosis of retinal branch occlusion |
|
Definition
80% central vision restoration to 20/40
peripherial vision loss |
|
|
Term
| what is the tx or retinal branch occlusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of macular degeneration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a common symptom of macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| metamorphsia: distorated images |
|
|
Term
| which retinal vascularature disorder is a true emergency |
|
Definition
| central retinal artery occlusion |
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of central retinal artery occlusion |
|
Definition
sudden painless loss off vision
marcus gunn |
|
|
Term
| what are three risk factors for central retinal artery occlusion |
|
Definition
| HTN, diabetes, athlerosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| how does central retinal vein occlusion look on a exam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of central vein occlusion, thier victim, prognosis |
|
Definition
papilopheblitus: young, healthy goood
venous stasis retinopathy: old, favorable
hemorrhagic: old, poor |
|
|
Term
| what is the causes of venous stasis retinopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of hemorrhagic central retinal vein occlusion |
|
Definition
| maculo and neurovascular glaucome |
|
|
Term
| what are the causes of optic neuritis |
|
Definition
idiopathic
multiple sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| what is a sign of retrobulbar optic neuritis |
|
Definition
pain with eye movement
marcus gunn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased ICP causes swelling around nerve |
|
|
Term
| what are three signs of papilledema |
|
Definition
no decreased vision
transient obscuration
visual field defects |
|
|
Term
| what are 8 signs of ischemic optic neuritis |
|
Definition
loss of vision
malaise
scalp tenderness
jaw claudication
swollen pale disc
spline hemorrhages
Marcus gunn
visual field defect
giant cell arteritis (temporal) |
|
|
Term
| why is ischemic optic neuritis an emergency |
|
Definition
| giant cell temporal arteritis can be prevented before it causes bilateral blindness |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of hemanopia and the difference |
|
Definition
homonous: loss of vision on same side of both eyes
bitemporal: opposite sides of both eyes vision loss |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of hemanopia |
|
Definition
| vascular occlusion of posterior cerebral artery and infarct of middle cerebral artry |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of corticol blindness, what is the prognosis |
|
Definition
occipital lobe damage
poor prognosis
rare |
|
|
Term
| what are three cayses if chronic vision loss |
|
Definition
glaucoma
cataracts
macular degeneration |
|
|
Term
| what type of glaucoma is an emergency, why |
|
Definition
| acute angle closure, can cause permanant blindness fast |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of acute angle closure glaucoma (6) |
|
Definition
bad headache
nausea
vomiting
occular pain
red eye
halos |
|
|
Term
| what is seen on eye exam in acute angle closure glaucoma (7) |
|
Definition
central pallor
displaced vessels
optic rim notch
disc asymmetry
splinter hemorrhage
cupping
IOP >20 |
|
|
Term
| what is the leading cause of blindness in the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are signs of cataracts (6) |
|
Definition
decreased visual accuity and blurriness
glare and halos (esp night)
monocular diplopia
altered color vision |
|
|
Term
| when do you refer someone with cataracts |
|
Definition
| when their vision affects their lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| what is the leading cause of blindness in people >54yo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main test for macular degeneration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are three signs of macular degeneration |
|
Definition
drusen
degeneration
wet exudate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hayline nodule on burch's membrane between corticol vessels and retinal pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of drusen, how are they identified |
|
Definition
| clumps of hypertrophic pigmentation / depigmented areas of atrophy |
|
|
Term
| what is a wet exudate made of |
|
Definition
| serous or hemorrhagic detachment of retinal pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
| when do you refer someone with suspected macular degeneration |
|
Definition
acute visual accuity loss
acute metamorphosia
recent scotoma or blind spot
fundus abnormalities (drusen, wet) |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of unilateral nosebleed >1 mo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is juveline nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA), why is it seen in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two main symptoms of JNA |
|
Definition
unilateral basal obstruction
recurrant, severe bleed |
|
|
Term
| what are the malar tripod fractures |
|
Definition
zygomatico...
frontal
temporal
maxillary
sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| what percaution do you need to take when nasal packing, why |
|
Definition
anti-staph antibiotic
prevent TSS |
|
|
Term
| when do you send someone with ACUTE sinusitis for a CT |
|
Definition
when they have complications
when it is chronic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wait 10 days (supportive)
then antibiotics - amoxicillin first |
|
|
Term
| what 5 things cause oral malignancy |
|
Definition
smoking
alcohol
age
UV light
poor dental hygine |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common abnormality in the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pre malignant white lesion |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cancer of upper lip and mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if SCC is on lip, hard palate, or tongue where will it metastazise |
|
Definition
lip: cervical
palate: cerbical
tongue: bilateral cervical |
|
|
Term
| what is the prognosis of SCC of mouth |
|
Definition
| 60% improved if caught early |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important factor in progression of retinopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when should someone with type II diabetes have an eye exam after diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of blindness 20-74yo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is it important to catch diabetic retinopathy early |
|
Definition
| blindness can be prevented |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the afferent pathway of the visual system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the efferent system of the visual pahway |
|
Definition
| pursuit, saccades, vestibulo ocular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
REM to keep images on foeva
voluntary response to change in direction of suddent stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tracking of movement on foeva
voluntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintains fixation when head moves
involuntary |
|
|
Term
| what drives the vestibulo occular reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is normal for the doll's eye test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define nystagmus, what are the three types |
|
Definition
rhythmic movement
end point, jerk, pendular |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of end point nystagmus |
|
Definition
| maintain eye in extreme lateral |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of jerk nystagmus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of pendular nystagmus |
|
Definition
| visual impairment from birth |
|
|
Term
| what are two signs of a lesion in the optic chiasm |
|
Definition
visual field defect in both eyes that are not the same
bitemporal defects |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of cn3 |
|
Definition
superior, medial, inferior rectus
inferior oblique
levator palpabre
parasympathetic iris sphinctor |
|
|
Term
| what are the movement defects in CN3 palsy |
|
Definition
cannot
elevate
depress
extract
intract
adduct
elevate lid |
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway for damage in CN3 palsy |
|
Definition
| midbrain to cavernous sinus |
|
|
Term
| what are the categories of CN3 palsy determined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a sign of CN3 palsy |
|
Definition
| abberant resection of CN fibers to different muscles |
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of complete CN3 palsy |
|
Definition
horizontal and vertical diplopia
complete ptosis
pupil dilatin and unresponsiveness |
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of partial CN3 palsy |
|
Definition
horizontal and vertical diplopia
complete ptosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of CN3 palsy |
|
Definition
| microvasculature injury fom diabetes or HTN |
|
|
Term
| what are the arteries and veins that supply the thyroid |
|
Definition
superior, middle, and inferior thyroid vein
superior and inferior thyroid artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important thing to watch out for in thyroid surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are fourcauses for hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
thyroid agensis
thyroid destruction
decreased thyroid synthesis
drugs |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 risk factors for hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
age
woman
thyroid/laryngoectomy
radiation |
|
|
Term
| what is hypothyroidism in a kid called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is hypothyroidism in a adult called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 8 signs of hypothyroidism in a kid |
|
Definition
decreased growth
dwarfism
mental retardation
pot belly
cold intolerance
hearing loss
slow HR
decreased appatite |
|
|
Term
| what are 8 signs of hypothyroidism in an adult |
|
Definition
fatigue
pallid
hair loss
brittle nails
cold intolerance
pericardial effusion
pleural effusion
large tongue |
|
|
Term
| what are 7 signs of hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
atrial fibrillation
exothalamus
lid lag
fatigue
sweating
weight loss
heat intolerance |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of graves disease |
|
Definition
| thyroid antibodies stimulate receptors |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 signs of graves diseae |
|
Definition
diffuse toxic goiter
intiltrative opthlamopathy
infiltrative dermopathy
COLD nodule (45% cancerous) |
|
|
Term
| what is chorionic graves disease |
|
Definition
| placental TSH stimulates receptors in mom |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of plummer's disease |
|
Definition
| toxic multinodular goiter formation without TSH stimulation |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of toxic adenoma |
|
Definition
| large thyroid nodules cause thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Term
| how is toxic adenoma identified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for toxic adenoma |
|
Definition
euthyroid: none
hyperthyroid: I131 |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of hashimotos disease |
|
Definition
anti-thyroid peroxidase (70-90%)
anti-antimmicrosomal (50%)
causes hyperthyroid then euthyroid then hypothyroid |
|
|
Term
| what diseases is hashimotos associated with |
|
Definition
| SLE, RA, addisons, pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
| what condition is present in 10% of all thyroid diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of goiter and single thyroid disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why gets hashimotis thyroiditis |
|
Definition
| mostly women with autoimmune diseasse |
|
|
Term
| what are 5 signs of hashimotos thyroiditis |
|
Definition
painless firm symmetrical goiter
follicular degeneration
fibrosis
lymphocyte infiltration
germinal centers |
|
|
Term
| when do you do surgery on hashimotis thyroiditis |
|
Definition
| when symptomatic or suspected for cancer |
|
|
Term
| what can cause a thyroid storm |
|
Definition
| stress, trauma, surgery, ketoacidosis, labor, heart disease, radiation |
|
|
Term
| what is the tx for thyroid storm |
|
Definition
DOC propothyouricil
fluids, anti-pyretic
cooling
iodate
B-blocker
dexamethosone |
|
|
Term
| what does a thyroid scan determine, what do the results mean |
|
Definition
cold: non-functioning
hot: hyper-functioning |
|
|
Term
| what does a thyroid ultrasound determine, what do the results mean |
|
Definition
solid: malignancy
cystic: less chance |
|
|
Term
| what describes a nodule that is most likley to be malignant in thyroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a name for a benign thyroid nodule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solitary, encapsulated, well circumscribed |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of adenoma |
|
Definition
papillary
follicular
hurthle |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common malignant thyroid cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe a papillary thyroid malignancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for papillary thyroid malignancy |
|
Definition
<1cm hemi thyroidectomy
>1cm total thyroidectomy
tall cells: total thyroidectomy |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of malignant thyroid nodules and their relative prevelance |
|
Definition
1. papillary
2. follicular
3. mixed |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of thyroid malignancies, which is most and least differentiated, what are their survival rates |
|
Definition
lymphoma: most differentiated, high survival
anaplastic: middle differentiation, LOW survival
follicular: least differentiation |
|
|
