Term
| The Surface Area/ Volume Disparity |
|
Definition
| In any set of objects of constant shape, the surface area changes as the square, and the volume changes as the cube of linear dimensions. SA = V^2/3 |
|
|
Term
| Surface Area Dominated Worlds |
|
Definition
| Very Small Organisms must worry about forces such as surface tension, thermal conductance, and electromagnetic fields. Gravity is inconsequential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Larger organisms face problems dealing with too little surface area per unit volume. |
|
|
Term
| Structural Solutions to Volume Dominated Worlds |
|
Definition
Partitioning and Serial Repetition
Elaboration of Surface (flattening, folding)
Allometric Scaling |
|
|
Term
| Example of Partition and Serial Repetition |
|
Definition
| The summed action of an equal volume of small nephron units with high SA/V ratios far exceeds the rate of filtration and processing possible with a single unit of larger size |
|
|
Term
| Size determines Variety of Adaptation |
|
Definition
Respiratory system vs. Simple Diffusion
Exoskeleton can only be so big, Endoskeleton can only be so small |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Take a million copies of a computer program, all with a small variation. Make them solve a problem. Take the 5 best, replicate again, and have them solve problem. Produces novel concepts and solutions |
|
|
Term
| Why aren't there wheels on animals |
|
Definition
| A wheel is a lot of wasted motion and wasted material for an animal. Only a small fraction of the material is actually in use at any given moment. (one spoke working at a time). The leg is a solution |
|
|
Term
| Cross section of a cell (outside in) |
|
Definition
| ecoderm, mesoderm, coelom, endoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (generally) source of all nervous system tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(generally) source of all skeleton/cartilage and muscle tissue
Only true for somatic regions! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Has features that aren't present in sessile tunicate (notochord, muscles)
Displays tissues of somatic origin
Demonstrates how the "exceptions" to where some tissues originate may actually be the original, and the mobile tunicate possesses the exceptions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ANS (autonomic nervous system) originated from the sessile tunicate. Handles housekeeping
CNS (central nervous system) originated from the mobile tunicate. Takes care of sensory, and relays messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visceral is composed of the pharynx and most organs, is more housekeeping (sessile tunicate). Somatic is primarily sensory and locomotory, from mobile tunicate |
|
|
Term
| Engineering vs. Evolutionary approaches to design problems |
|
Definition
Engineering: Does not need to be derived from preexisting structure, few restrictions on materials, does not need to be designed to serve simultaneous conflicting functions.
Evolutionary: Must be derived by modification of preexisting structure, materials must be biologically synthesizable, and often must serve simultaneous functions (monkey hand) |
|
|
Term
| Division of Labor (make drawing) |
|
Definition
Only works if they are able to share the functions that they do well. Need a distribution system that takes specialized service or function and delivers it to the rest of the organism
circulatory system helps move things, nervous system helps with communication. |
|
|
Term
| Counter Current Exchanger (make drawing) |
|
Definition
function by PASSIVE diffusion between two streams of fluid or gases moving in opposite directions. Efficiency depends on three things: the area of the opposed surfaces, flow rates, and the diffusion constant of the substances being exchanged
EX: fish gills or porpois flipper
Always designed around circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| Counter Current Multiplier |
|
Definition
| resemble exchangers, with two important differences. The system beyond the exchanged surfaces is closed (a loop), and a structure called an "adder" is present on the loop. The loop structure results in the trapping of diffusible substances. The adder introduces a substance which becomes increasingly concentrated in the loop. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Counter Current Multiplier |
|
Definition
| secreting gases into the swimbladder of a fish, or concentrating urine in the tubules of the kidney (loop of hinley) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a basic design solution in the somatic component of the body
In animals that swim by bending, segmentation is necessary in order to for the body musculature to have efficient force transmission. primary segmentation of musculature results in secondary segmentation of circulatory, nervous, and skeletal systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permits refined control of movements, and allows for the specialization of segments or regions of segments. |
|
|
Term
| Two Major Problems in Volume Dominated World |
|
Definition
| Insufficient Transfer rate, insufficient structural strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Each entity is better or worse in dealing with tension and compression.
ex: Concrete (for compression) with steel rods (for tension)
ex: collagen matrix with crystal structure (bone) or glycoprotein gel (cartilage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biphasic compound made up of collagen and glycoprotein gel.
Can grow by INTERNAL EXPANSION or by SURFACE ADDITION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If you remove the glycoprotein as well as the pyrophosphate, and replace with hydroxyapetite, you have bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid filled bag surrounded by muscles. If poked or punched, fluid disperses evenly. Arteries and Muscles are all spiral wound muscles, preventing kinking. (thatched vs. tic tac toe) |
|
|
Term
| Bone formation (long bone) (Endochondral Replacement) |
|
Definition
| begin as cartilage, and continue to grow untill middle structure begins to convert to bone. Layer of cartilage between central bone and bony bulbous ends called Epiphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replaces pyrophosphate in dermis without cartilaginous precursor. External bones of the skull and parts of the pectoral girdle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The vertebrae are endochondral structures. They separate at their midline and fuse with their neighboring vertebrae in a uniform manner. Done so that the muscles residing above the vertebrae will span between the bones. |
|
|
Term
| Centra, Pre- and Postzygapophysis |
|
Definition
| permit lateral and vertical bending in spinal column, but resist twisting and torsion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Source of cartilage for visceral regions (as apposed to mesoderm) |
|
|
Term
| Morphology of the Pharynx |
|
Definition
Visceral component of the vertebrate body.
anterior extension of endodermal tissue of forgut, meet invagination of ectodermal tissue of future mouth
its lateral walls give rise to 5-7 pairs of pouches which meet 5-7 invaginating clefts containing mesodermal tissue that will become the aortic arches, most of the visceral skeleton, and the branchiomeric musculature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The coelom arises from the bilateral splitting of unsegmented lateral plate mesoderm into an outer layer (somatopleure), and an inner layer (splanchnopleure). Somatopleure becomes striated musculature of lateral trunk, splanchnopleure becomes smooth muscle of digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incompletely divided into left and right halfs
pericardial cavity (heart), pleural cavity (lungs), and abdominal cavity (separated by diaphragm) (MAMMALS ONLY) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed as the fusion of the parachordal cartilage (plate), the nasal, optic, and otic capsules, occipital vertebrae (pair), and trebecula
as organism matures, these endochondral parts of the skull are sheathed by dermal bone
derived from sclerotomal units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (epibranchial of arch 2) associated with jaw articulation in fish, incorporated in the otic capsule of terrestrial vertebrates as stapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscle - Muscle Fibers - Fibril (thick filaments, thin filaments, disc)
Thick filament - myosin
Thin filament - actin, tropomyosin, troponin
Troponin binds to Ca2+ which results in a conformation change, allowing thick and thin filaments to slide and contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Striated Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibers in a mesh like array, discs evenly spaced
heart only (visceral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibers in random array, discs not evenly spaced
occurs in viscera (gut, bladder), some glands, and in blood vessel walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibers in parallel arrays, discs evenly spaced
occurs in somatic region generally, and in the walls of the pharynx (visceral)
can be fast twitch (white) or slow (red) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Striated Muscle
low in myoglobin, high in glycogen
innervated by single neuron, contract completely with single stimulation
may function anaerobically for a short period
primarily used for bursts of speed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Striated Muscle
high in myoglobin, low in glycogen
require multiple innervation and summation of stimuli to contract
function aerobically
serve to maintain posture during leisurely locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maximum muscular force is attained at 1/3 contraction
force is direct function of muscle cross sectional area
a long muscle (force x distance) can do more work than a short one of same cross sectional area |
|
|
Term
| parallel vs. pinnate fiber arrangement |
|
Definition
| pinnate muscles contain more fibers (but shorter ones) per unit volume. Do not swell |
|
|
Term
| General Functional Attributes of Striated Musculature |
|
Definition
Muscles arranged in opposing pairs. Must cross at least one joint, although often times they cross multiple joints.
interpretations of a particular muscles function is difficult as movement is often a summation of muscle influences, and individuals function may change during the coarse of joint movement.
general statements of function are permissible, specifics are not! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| striated muscle originates from three distinct mesodermal sources: somites (trunk and limb musculature), splanchnopleure (branchiomeric muscles), somatopleure (lateral plate) |
|
|
Term
| 4 possible solutions for design problems |
|
Definition
Default - behavioral or physiological accommodation
Serial Repetition- change number of units
Change the Rules - change one process or structural material for another (cartilage for bone)
Allometry - any change in shape that preserves a critical S/V ratio |
|
|
Term
| 3 main differences between fish and tetrapods |
|
Definition
1. jaw primarily muscles used for opening rather than closing
2. feeding and respiration are linked in fish
3. in fish, the jaw bones never fuse to skull in fish |
|
|
