Term
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Definition
brought about by language contact (between speakers of different
languages), or innovations by speakers, or issues of political or social identity |
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Term
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Definition
speakers stop using endings (or inflections)
and start to rely on words such as of, for, the, and have. They are more predictable. |
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Term
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Definition
inhibit internal change, explicitly taught in school and include ‘don’t split infinitives’
and ‘don’t end sentences with a preposition |
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| Timeline of English Language |
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Definition
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| Scandinavian words borrowed |
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Definition
egg, keel, leg, ill,
odd, bask, call, crave, screech, and thrive |
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Term
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Definition
1066, William of Normandy arrived and defeated Harold, French became the language of the nobility and the court and much new vocabulary
was introduced |
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Definition
| government, authority, and judge |
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Term
| Periods of Each English Era |
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Definition
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Term
| Why English spelling is irregular |
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Definition
there has never been a spelling reform
many sound changes have occurred since it was (unofficially) standardized |
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Term
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Definition
introduction of the printing press in
1476. William Caxton introduced the printing press in London, physically close to the
Chancery |
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Term
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Definition
occured between Middle English & Early Modern
long vowels — such
as those pronounced as [a, e, i, u, o] — becoming [e, i, aj, aw, u] respectively
before 1400 name was pronounced the way it would if you pronounced it in Spanish,
Dutch, German, or French. In present day English, the a of name sounds more like the
first vowel in Spanish words such as edición |
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Term
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Definition
incorporation of words from other languages with changed pronunciation
but keeping the original spelling |
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Term
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Definition
pronounce words as they
are spelled. For instance, pronouncing the [t] in often |
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Term
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Definition
when there are
too many sounds of the same kind in a row. For instance, in fifths, many speakers make
the middle fricative [θ] into a stop |
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Term
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Definition
fifths and pronounce
it like [fIfs] |
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Term
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Definition
| process that switches sounds |
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Term
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Definition
many endings on nouns and verbs indicating grammatical functions
such as subject and object |
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Term
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Definition
| language with almost no endings |
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Term
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Definition
commonly known as grammatical
endings |
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Term
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Definition
the subject and subject predicate
Se cyning for ofer Humbre muþan
the-NOM king-NOM went over Humbre mouth
‘The king went across the mouth of the Humber’. |
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Term
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Definition
express possession
mid engles fingrum awritene
with angel-GEN finger-DAT.P written
‘written by the fingers of an angel.’ (Wulfstan Homilies) |
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Term
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Definition
the object of most prepositions, and to express means or manner
Her on þysum geare for se micla here
now in this-DAT year-DAT went the great army
‘In this year, the great army went’. (PC for the year 892) |
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Term
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Definition
is often used as object, aþas in (10), and object of a preposition,
geond þa wudas and þa feldas
through the-ACC woods-ACC and the-ACC fields-ACC
‘through the woods and the fields’. |
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Term
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Definition
increase in
the number of grammatical categories |
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Term
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Definition
group the languages into families,
we can see how linguists establish connections between them |
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Term
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Definition
consonant sounds change in indo European:
p to f, k to h, d to t |
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Term
| Some works in Old English |
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Definition
Beowulf
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |
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Term
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Definition
what happens when a back or low
vowel such as o or u or a precedes an i |
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Term
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Definition
word-initial consonants that are
similar |
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Term
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Definition
| mood used to mean mind, now it's a state of mind |
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Term
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Definition
barn (older meaning is ‘place to store
barley’) and tail (older meaning is ‘hairy part on the back side of a horse’) |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaning becomes ‘better’ |
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Term
pejorization
if it becomes ‘worse’. |
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Definition
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Term
| Anglo Saxon Chronicle – Peterborough Version |
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Definition
written
at Peterborough, in the Danelaw area, |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sicor ‘secure’ fals ‘false’ pin ‘pinetree’ |
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Term
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Definition
main trend is consonant deletion, as in the case of [g], [h], [w],
and [l], and vowel shifting |
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Term
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Definition
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
Shakespeare's Richard II |
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Term
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Definition
the person selecting the letters and arranging them in a frame,
making a page |
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Term
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Definition
| binder to keep track of the order of the pages, marks at bottom of the page |
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Term
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Definition
printing four pages on one
side of a sheet and four on the other and folding the sheet twice.
octavo contained eight pages on one side and eight on
the other and was folded once more. Duodecimo editions had 12 pages on each side and
sextodecimo editions 16. |
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Term
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Definition
| quires were bound together |
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Term
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Definition
| a learned or bookish word’ |
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Term
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Definition
18th century movement characterized by reliance on science
and reason and concern for humanity |
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Term
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Definition
19th century movement with an emphasis
on nations and peoples emphasizes a subjective approach to topics such as nature, mysticism, dreams,
and emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
transforms a
(mainly) agricultural society into an industrial one |
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Term
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Definition
| when one word ends and the following one starts with a vowel |
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Term
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Definition
| when words such as idea and banana are pronounced with a final [r] |
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Term
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Definition
| one sound assimilates to become more like another |
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Term
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Definition
makes consonant clusters easier to pronounce:
[mIlk] becomes [mIlәk] in many dialects. |
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Term
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Definition
switches sounds, also changes consonant clusters. For instance,
the initial [spә] cluster in spaghetti is often switched to [pәs], as in [pәsgεti]. |
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