Term
|
Definition
| the _______ has the highest homicide rates of any region |
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Term
|
Definition
| ______ and _______ say there are important cultural difference between north and south |
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|
Term
1. Experiment on judgment, Insult and Control groups
2. Insult were bumped and called asshole by subject, and Control were left alone, and then they played "chicken" with the subject
3. Those in the insult group of the south showed much higher rates of not giving in and "killing" the subject |
|
Definition
| N&C Homicide test basics: (3) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nisbett and Cohen determined that _______ increases in response to stress |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nisbett and Cohen determined that _______ increases in anticipation of agression |
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Term
|
Definition
| ______ doesn't explain differences between pastoral and agricultural regions WITHIN the south |
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Term
|
Definition
| There are more homicides in the _______ rather than the moist plains even though income is the same |
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Term
|
Definition
| ______ doesn't explain differences between pastoral and agricultural regions WITHIN the south, it actually explains opposite |
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Term
|
Definition
| there is more slavery in the _____ _____ while there are more homicides in the ______ ______ |
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Term
|
Definition
| the homicide rates in the south are more attributed to _____ ______, the fact that personal honor is more highly valued in the south than the north |
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Term
|
Definition
| culture of honor in hilly areas specializes in ________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| ________ is information that is acquired from other individuals via social transmission mechanisms such as imitation, teaching, or language |
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Term
|
Definition
| _____ is stored in human brains, written records/electronics, and in artifacts |
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Term
|
Definition
| there are ______ words in a lexicon |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| English and Sanskrit roots have their latest common ancestor dating back around ______ years ago |
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|
Term
| Broad definition of culture |
|
Definition
| information stored in brains |
|
|
Term
| Narrow definition of culture |
|
Definition
information that can be written as a text
history and fiction, textbooks, law codes, tech manuals, religious texts, rules of etiquette ...
excludes visual arts, music (but music can be written down) |
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Term
|
Definition
stories that are told as true by people in modern society
� |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to tap emotions that are common among individuals increases the chances that an urban legend will be selected and retained |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| emotion and disgust is about ____% of urban legends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
says there is no important genetic difference between groups
� |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Innate mechanisms and resulting behaviors can be understood as _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behavioral variation between groups of people can be explained as different genetically-encoded responses triggered by different ecological conditions
a sort of mix of genes and individual learning. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
The _____ can not account for interactions between behavior and physiological processes.
� |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incest avoidance is an example of a ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the _____ can not account for heritable cultural variation: people behave differently in the same environment
� |
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|
Term
|
Definition
the _____ can not account for the role of social processes in shaping cultural variation
� |
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|
Term
| evolutionary definition of culture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Differences between people because they inherit different genes from their parents.
� |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Differences between people because they inherit different genes from their parents.
� |
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Term
|
Definition
| Differences between people because they inherit different genes from their parents. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Differences between people because they live in different environments
� |
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Term
|
Definition
| Differences between people because they have acquired different beliefs or values by teaching or imitation |
|
|
Term
| literary puritan yeomens and artisans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| headed and indentured servants from the south and west of england to virginia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moved from the north midlands to pennsylvania |
|
|
Term
| poor families of engish, scots, and irish |
|
Definition
| settled in the Appalachians |
|
|
Term
| high disgust variants more likely to be transmitted in an experiment, and they had a higher frequency on websites |
|
Definition
| Urban legends case results (2) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
There are vast differences between people in different groups
� |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Psychic unity of humankind
No important genetic difference between groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Human mind lacks content based innate mechanisms
Differences between people come from external sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
External sources = society
Society creates the individual
Complex structure of human cultures comes from emergent social interactions
Biology plays no important role |
|
|
Term
| evolutionary psychologists |
|
Definition
| believe that culture is shaped by innate mechanisms |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Studies of blood groups and other genetic markers show ___ percent of the total human variation exists between geographic regions,
with ______ percent existing within geographic regions. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
______ is a measure of
average relatedness between populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ is used to understand the effects of genetic drift and gene flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closest genetic relatedness to native americans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farthest genetic relatedness to native americans |
|
|
Term
| isolation by distance model |
|
Definition
The hypothesis for the expected relationship between
geographic distance and genetic distance is
the _______ model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic similarity is a function of ______,
the more ______ between two populations,
the more similar they are genetically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The _____ two populations are geographically,
the more gene flow between them,
and the _____ the genetic distance.
The opposite is true the farther they are apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phenylketonuria is most prevalent in ______ and least prevalent in ______ |
|
|
Term
| australians; africans/asians |
|
Definition
| cystic fibrosis is most prevalent in ________ and least prevalent in ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tay sachs most prevalent in ______ and least prevalent in ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ is “the strongest known force for evolutionary
selection in the recent history of the human genome.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malaria is caused by a group of parasites in the genus ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human malaria is mainly due to 4 species of Plasmodium. ______ is the most dangerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ is transmitted to humans only by mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles (over 100 species are known to be vectors). |
|
|
Term
| Over 500 Million people become ill each year with falciparum malaria |
|
Definition
| Over 500 Million people become ill each year with _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Over 1 Million people die every year from ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ is implicated as the driving force for the
evolution of the most common human Mendelian diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The most common and familiar form of malaria is ____
due to the hemoglobin S allele |
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin S allele (HbS) |
|
Definition
The most widely studied anti-malarial mutation is the
______, the sickle cell allele. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hemoglobin mutation ______ is found in Southeast Asia, up to 50% frequency in some isolated populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the _______ hemoglobin mutation is found in West Africa, with high allele frequencies in
Burkina Faso and Mali, where it protects against severe malaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ provides more protection against malaria in the homozygous state than in heterozygous state
Because of this, _____ is projected to replace the
HbS allele in malarial habitats such as Burkina Faso,
in perhaps as few as 50 generations! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strong receptor for blood cell invasion by Plasmodium vivax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals homozygous for ______ (FY*O) are completely resistant to malaria caused by Pl. vivax. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Areas where the ______ frequency is high, have no vivax malaria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In _____, there is some evidence for the reverse situation of the Duffy antigen – there is some evidence for strong selection for the FY *A allele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe malaria seen in patients with ____ blood type mostly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mild malaria seen in patients with _____ blood group mostly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells with ____ or _____ antigens may attach to walls of capillaries, allowing parasite to mature and release more merozoites. Blood group _____ cells do not attach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood type A is more susceptible to ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood type B seems more susceptible to ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood type O seems more susceptible to _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People with blood type _____ have a greater chance of
getting duodenal and stomach ulcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People with blood type _____ have a greater chance of
getting certain types of cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ results from deficiencies in production of α-globin or β-globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule. A large number of different mutations can cause it. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Homozygous _______ results in severe disease - severe anemia, enlargement of the heart, liver, and spleen, and skeletal deformation - and can be fatal.
Heterozygotes are healthy other than mild anemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Given the strong selection against homozygotes, it is surprising that ______ is the most common Mendelian diseases of humans and a major global health problem – over 70 million people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ greatly reduces hemoglobin concentrations, causing life-threatening anemia for children with hemoglobin below 5g/dl |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Children with _______ produce more but smaller red blood cells than average, maintaining hemoglobin levels, protecting against malaria |
|
|
Term
| Suggests that their combined effects cancel out any benefits |
|
Definition
| Individuals who had both sickle-cell (HbAS) and α thalassemia had malarial rates similar to individuals who had neither. What does this mean? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The gene for the enzyme _____ is on the X chromosome; deficiency is related to jaundice and anemia |
|
|
Term
| heterozygotes ; hemizygotes |
|
Definition
| reguarding G6PD, there is a 50% reduced risk of severe malaria in female ______ and in male ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G6PD-A and A- allele in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to be _____ to _____ years old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the G6PD-Med allele in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and India is estimated to be between _____ and _____ years old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G6PD-Mahidol allele in SoutheastAsia is estimated to be about _____ years old |
|
|
Term
| G6PD deficiency help on malaria |
|
Definition
| Accelerated removal of early-stage Plasmodium infected G6PD-deficient red blood cells by immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintenance of body’s internal
environment within narrow limits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
short term responses to environmental change;
e.g. sweating, shivering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: longer term changes in physiology or growth;
e.g., increased red blood cell production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in the phenotype in response to environmental change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individuals in populations of mammals from colder
climates, including humans, tend to be heavier on average |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
With increasing body size:
The amount of metabolizing tissue increases,
increasing internal heat gain.
The surface area to volume (mass) ratio
decreases, reducing heat loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individuals in populations of mammals from colder
climates, including humans, will have smaller extremities
Heat loss can be reduced by decreasing surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lactase enzyme is produced in the human _____ and is necessary for the digestion of lactose (milk sugar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lactose intolerance is high in most ____ and _____ populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ is high in European populations, and this is hypothesized to be related to the cultural invention of dairying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ is a receptor protein found on white blood cells, e.g. T4 cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mutant allele of the CCR5 gene (_____) has been linked to resistance to HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homozygotes for _____ are almost completely resistant to HIV infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene responsible for population difference due to strong selection in morphological traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
For a particular population, _____ is
the proportion of total phenotypic variation
due to genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ is important because it gives us an
estimate of the strength of genetic
determination of a trait’s variation
and allow us to estimate the genetic variation
actually available for selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heritability is a _____ of additive genetic to total variation, not an absolute measure of genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Environmental differences can cause phenotypic
differences _____ populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heritability that includes maternal and genetic effects |
|
|
Term
| narrow sense heritability |
|
Definition
| heritability that separates maternal from genetic effects (more desired measure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_____ devised the first IQ test with the
goal of identifying students who needed help
with the curriculum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intelligence is largely (40% to 80%) (genetically/enviornmentally) heritable |
|
|
Term
| Results indicate that heritability increases as environments get more favorable |
|
Definition
Twin study: genetic and environmental influences
on scores on National Merit Scholarship tests showed that: |
|
|
Term
| Germans at the expense of the Yankees |
|
Definition
| Over the long term, which culture should spread at the expense of the other? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long-term change in gene frequencies
� |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the combinatin of variations in fitness, inheritance of variation, and struggle for existance (competition) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
______ discovered that small magnetite objects spontaneous align in same direction about 0 AD
� |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chinese sailors make compass by floating magnetized needles in bowl of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During _____, pin bearing compass appears in Europe.
� |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Early modern European sailors develop ____ compass.
� |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a ________ is an entity that has fidelity (accurately copied), fecundity (makes many copies), and longevity (can persist for a long time)
� |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examples of _____ are tunes, ideas, clothing fashions etc that move from brain to brain to replicate, just as genes physically spilt to replicate genetically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasmodium is transmitted to humans only by mosquitoes in the genus _______ |
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|
