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Educational Research
Educational Research notes for IDD comps
26
Education
Graduate
03/18/2010

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Term
List 3 parts of a research plan
Definition
hypothesis then purpose
participants then instruments then procedu
analysis then interpretation
Term
What are 2 main types of research?
Definition
Basic & Applied
Term
What is basic research?
Definition
Basic research develops foundation for future research. Uses a fundamental process; lab manipulations. ex: experimental, non-experimental, correlational, qualitative, multimethod.
Term
What is applied research?
Definition
Applied research answers questions to get solutions and is considered an "action" subtype dereved from real world findings.
Term
List 5 types of basic research and describe each.
Definition
1. Experimental= cause/effect with manipulation of indep. variable.

2. Non experimental=lacks manipulation & random assign of participants.

3. Correlational= focused on vaar direction as parrallel (positive) or intersecting (negative).

4. Qualitative= hypothesis based or ethnography

5. Multimedia= fishnet of some of the basics of the other 4 types of research.
Term
List types of variables and describe each.
Definition
Quantitative= varies in amount
Categorical= vary in type
Independent = causes change in another
Dependent= influenced by independent
Intervening=in between
Confounding= variable taht systematically varies with the IV & wrongly influences DV.
Extraneous= competing or another influence on the DV.
Term
Contrast inductive and deductive reasoning.
Definition
Deductive is top-down, confirmatory, tests theories & hypotheses, general to specific; theory then hypothesis then data, quantitative, explanatory, and stats results.
Inductive is bottom up; generatory, generates the theory or hypothesis, specific to general, observe to generalize, qualitative, exploratory, narrative results.
Term
How do you control an extraneous variable in a non-experimental design?
Definition
*matching= equal extraneous in each grp
*Hold constant= put extraneous in both grp
*Statistical control= use a partial correlation by averaging correlations or use an analysis of covariance by equating both groups statistically.
Term
List some ways you can manipulate the IV to affect the DV
Definition
Presence or absence= ex: one group receives treatment; other group doesn't.
Amount= groups receive different amounts of treatment
Type= Different groups receive different types of treatment.
Term
List the basic steps in conducting research.
Definition

1. Determine the problem

2. Determine variables

3.  Collect data

4.  Analyze data

5. Interpret results

 

Term
Describe some strong research design elements.
Definition
*Repetition of same treatment or measures.
* use of control group for comparison.
*Use of pre and post testing
*Use of random assignment.
Term
Discuss some weak research design elements.
Definition
*Post testing or pre testing instead of both.
*No comparison group.
*use static groups that are pre-formed.
*All of the above can allow extraneous variables to be present & unequated which affects results.
Term
Define 4 main types of random sampling methods.
Definition
CLUSTER:random selected churches/schools
STRATIFIED:selected to represent subgroup to group proportional to actual population.(number of females in sample equals proportion in original population)
SYSTEMATIC: uses a sampling interval.
SIMPLE: (random) all members of population have equal chance of selection.
Term
What is the best research design in terms of sampling?
Definition
Random selection and random assignment.
Term
What is Reliability?
Definition
The degree to which scores obtained an an instrument are consistent measures of what is being measured.
Term
What is test-retest reliability?
Definition
Scores over time of the same test group. NOT too soon/NOT too long after.
Term
What is equivalent forms reliability?
Definition
2 tests to test the same thing. Items are different but content, no. of items & scoring is same.
Term
What is internal consistency:
Definition
Internal item consistency ensures that you are measuring the same content.
Term
What is split half reliability?
Definition
*Take one test, cut it in half/compare equivalent forms as discussed above.
Term
Define validation.
Definition
Did the study measure what it said?
Term
When is validation most important?
Definition
*With interpretation.
*Value of decisions made based on data.
*Gather evidence to support decisions.
Term
List and describe 4 ways to test validation.
Definition
*content validity- testing reflects instruction.
*Criterion related- concurrent and predictive (testing, predicting, performance)
*Construct validity=testing proves unobservable.
*Factor analysis- chinking items or subtests.
Term
Discuss threats to internal validity.
Definition
*IV doesn't cause DV (confounding or extraneous variable)
*History= event occurs between pre and post test that affects score.
*Maturation=learning, age or fatigue
*Pre testing= pre test tips off learner for post test.
*Instruments= standard of data collected or different pre/post test items.
*Statistical regression=scores tend to lower on second testing.
*Selection= Different participants have different characteristics.
Interaction with selection= "Different groups may react to event and others to aging.
Selection by history interaction=comparison groups experience different historical event.
*Selection by maturation= comparison groups experience difference in change in aging, etc.
Term
Discuss threats to external validity:
Definition
*Do the results transfer to other people at other times?
*Population valid? Sample group transfer to target population.
*Accessible population=random selection from accessible pop should be representative of accessible population (may not be of total population).
*Ecological validity= results transfer across settings.
*Multiple treatment interference=carry over from one treatment affects response in another treatment.
*Reactivity= results are affected by the spotlight phenomena (people know they are being watched).
*Experimenter effects=biases
*Temporal validity= results generalize across time (examples, events, fashion, beliefs)
Term
List the 3 elements that make an assessment:
Definition
*Testing to measure variables
*Observation to record behaviors
*Interview to record answers
Term
List main data collection methods for primary data.
Definition
*Tests, Interviews, Focus Groups, Observation, Questionnaires = self report.
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