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Definition
| Changes in understanding and using Language |
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Definition
| Changes in thinking and reasoning |
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Definition
| appearance advanced behavior that indicates significant progress in development |
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Definition
| Similar patterns in how children change and progress regardless of environment |
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Definition
| Depicts development as a series of relatively discrete stages |
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Definition
| Unfolding of genetically controlled changes as a child develops |
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Definition
| Behaviors and belief systems of a long-standing social group |
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Definition
| Age range during which a certain aspect of a child’s development is especially susceptible to environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Cell in brain,
part of the nervous system that transmits info to other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction between two neurons that allows transmission of messages from one to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substance through which one neuron sends a message to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper part of the brain; site of complex, conscious thinking process |
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Term
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Definition
| Universal process in brain development in which many synapses spontaneously appear |
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Term
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Definition
| Universal process in brain development in which many previously formed synapses wither away |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth of fatty sheath (myelin) around the axons of neurons, enabling faster transmission of messages |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposes that learners construct, rather than absorb, a body of knowledge from experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized group of similar actions or thoughts that are used repeatedly in response to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of dealing with a new event with an existing scheme |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of dealing with a new event by either modifying an existing scheme or forming a new one |
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Term
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Definition
| State of being able to address new events with existing schemes |
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Term
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Definition
| State of being unable to address new events with existing schemes; typically accompanied by some mental discomfort |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement between equilibrium to disequilibrium . Promotes development of more complex thought and understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| Birth- 2 Years, schemes are based largely on behaviors and perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to represent and think about external objects and events in one’s mind |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-6 years. Children can think about objects and events beyond their immediate view but do not yet reason in logical ways |
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Term
| Preoperational egocentrism |
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Definition
| inability of children to view situations from another person’s perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| Speaking without taking the perspective and knowledge of the listener into account |
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Term
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Definition
| Realization that if nothing added or taken away, amount stays the same regardless of alterations in shape or arrangement |
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Term
| Concrete operations stage |
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Definition
| 7-11 years, adultlike logic appears but is limited to concrete reality |
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Term
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Definition
| Drawing a logical inference about something that must be true, given other information that has already been presented as true |
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Term
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Definition
| age 12-adulthood, logical reasoning processes are applied to abstract ideas as well as to concrete objects |
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Term
| Formal operational egocentrism |
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Definition
| inability of adolescents in the formal operations stage to separate their own abstract logic from the perspectives of others and from practical considerations |
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Term
| Sociocultural perspective |
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Definition
| Theoretical perspective emphasizing the importance of society and culture in promoting cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept, symbol, strategy, procedure, or other culturally constructed mechanisms that helps people think about and respond to situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of talking to oneself as a way of guiding oneself through a task |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of “talking” to and guiding oneself mentally rather than aloud |
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Term
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Definition
| Process through which a learner gradually incorporates socially based activities into his or her internal cognitive processes |
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Term
| Actual developmental level |
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Definition
| Upper limit of tasks that a learner can successfully perform independently |
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Term
| Level of potential development |
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Definition
| Upper limit of tasks that a learner can successfully perform with the assistance of a more competent individual |
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Term
| Zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
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Definition
| Range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help and guidance of others but cannot yet perform independently |
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Term
| Mediated learning experience |
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Definition
| Discussion between an adult and a child in which the adult helps the child make sense of an event they have mutually experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Support mechanism that helps a learner successfully perform a task within his or her zone of proximal development |
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Term
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Definition
| A child’s performance, with guidance and support, of an activity in the adult world |
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Term
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Definition
| Mentorship in which a novice works intensively with an expert to learn how to perform complex new skills |
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Term
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Definition
| Mentorship in which a teacher and a student work together on a challenging task and the teacher gives guidance in how to think about the task |
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Term
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Definition
| Children learn language when they hear it spoken, they also develop their own meanings of words based on what they hear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of vocabulary, syntax, listening comprehension, oral communication skills, metalinguistic awareness |
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Definition
| Meanings of words and word combinations |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of rules that one uses, often unconsciously, to put words together into sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge about culture-specific social conventions guiding verbal interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to think about the nature of language itself |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to hear the distinct sounds that comprise spoken words |
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Term
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Definition
| Second-language instruction in which students hear and speak that language almost exclusively in the classroom |
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Term
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Definition
| Second-language instruction in which students are instructed in academic subject areas in their native language while simultaneously being taught to speak and write in the second language. |
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