Term
| Bandura and Observational Learning |
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Definition
| Bandura says much of what is learned is learned directly from a model which is observational learning. |
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Term
| Discontinuous Theory of development |
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Definition
| Children progress through a set of predictable and invariant stages. Skills gained at each stage are different. |
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Term
Continuous Theory of Development
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Definition
| Development that occurs in a smooth progression as skills develop and experiences are provided by parents and environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Procress of modifying existing schemes to fit new situations |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of adjusting schemes in response to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of understanding new objects or events in terms of an existing scheme |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental patterns that guide behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| "Out of sight, Out of mind" |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognition that if nothing is added or taken away, amount stays the same regardless of alterations in shape or arrangement |
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Term
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Definition
| Child sees the world in their perspective |
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Term
| Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development including the labels for, age ranges of, and characteristics exhibited by people in each of his four stages of cognitive development |
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Definition
*Sensorimotor- Birth to 2 years
- They expplore surroundings by using their senses and motor skills
- Object Permanence: " Out of sight, Out of mind"
*Preoperational-2 to 7 years
-Lack of understanding of conservation and reversibility
-Pay attention to the only one aspect of a situation
-Egocentrism( child sees the world in their perspective)
*Concrete Operational-7 to 11 years
-Seriation- arranging things in a logical progression
-Can mentally arrange and compare objects
-Begin to develop physical and intellectual and capabilities of scientific inquiry
* Formal Operational- 11 to adulthood
-Can think abstractly and deal with hypothetical situations
Capable of formal reasoning (correlation, ratio, proportion) |
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Term
| The differences between self-concept and self-esteem |
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Definition
Self Concept is assessments of one's own characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses.
Self-Esteem is judgements and feelings about one's own value and worth |
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Term
| Vygotsky's theory of cognitive developement including sign symbols, zone of proximal development, and scaffolding |
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Definition
Sign symbols- symbols that cultures create to help people think, communicate and solve problems, language and number system.
Zone of Proximal Development- is things that a learner is able and ready to learn but has not yet learned.
Scaffolding-is support provided by a skilled person that gradually diminishes as the learner becomes more adept |
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Term
| Information Processing Theory and model: sensory register, short term , and long term memory |
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Definition
Sensory register- items may not remain here more that 4 seconds before "moving" to short term memory
Short term(working) memory- items may be stored here for up to 30 seconds; typically holds information for at least 12 seconds ( 5-9 items)
Long term- things stored here are never lost, only "misfiled" |
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Term
| Episodic memory, semantic memory, procedural memory |
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Definition
Episodic memory- stores images of our personal experiences
Semantic memory- facts and generalizations
Procedural memory- how to do something, epspecially a physical task |
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Term
| Necessary characteristics of new explanations (understable, plausible, connects with current understanding, useful in explaining future observations) |
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Definition
This is what we know from research:
This new explanation must be:
*Understandable
*Plausible
*Connect with current understandings
* Help in explain future observations |
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Term
| Skinner, operant conditioning and schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
Proposed that, by using pleasurable and unpleasant consequences. The schedules of reinforcement is reinforcement which is provided on either a
- fixed raio basis
-variable interval basis
-fixed interval basis
-variable interval basis
*fixed interval/ratio is most effective for initiating change in a behavior; variable interval/ratio is most effective for sustaining a change |
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Term
| Constructivists and behaviorists definitions of learning |
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Definition
Constructiviists believe that learning is a change in thinking
Behaviorists believe that children learn by reinforcement |
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Term
| Intrinsic and Extrinsic reinforcement |
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Definition
Intrinsic reinforcement-behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake, without any other reward
Ex.) Watching the stars come out at night
Extrinsic reinforcement-praise or rewards given to motivate people to engage in behavior that they might not engage without them
Ex.) Money for going to work |
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Term
| Characteristics of At risk students |
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Definition
Characteristics fo at risk students are:
*special educational needs
* boys are more likely to drop than girls
*speak little or no English
*disinvolvement in school
*emotional behaivor problems |
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Term
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Definition
| The four types of bullying are relational, cyber bullying, physical, and verbal |
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Term
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Definition
*Unoccupied play- when child is not playing, just observing. Child may be standing in one spot or random movements.
* Solitary play- play that occurs alone and independently of what others are doing.
* Parallel Play- when two people are playing near one another, but not interacting with one another
Ex.) playing bowling in different lanes
* Associative play- people are involved in parallel activities but participate in some form of interaction such as taking turns or sharing
*Cooperative Play- People are working together to achieve a common goal
Ex.) Playing basketball and celebrating a birthday |
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