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| discipline concerned with teaching and learning processes, applies the methods and theories of psych and has its own as well |
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| studies that collect detailed info about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, etc |
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| descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved |
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| detailed observation and analysis of changes in a cognitive process as the process unfolds over a several-day or serveral week period of time |
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| systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching and learning for their students |
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| established relationship between factors |
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| describes the realtion of the individual's emotional needs to the social environment |
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| specific conflict whose resolution prepares the way for the next stage |
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| explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors |
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| explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors |
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| explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors |
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| explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors |
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| explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors |
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| human mind's activity of taking in, storing, and using information |
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| theory that adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self-perception, and expectations to social learning theory |
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| zone of proximal development |
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| phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support |
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| general principles of development |
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1. people develop at different rates
2. development is relatively orderely
3. Development takes place gradually |
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| orderly, adaptive changes we go through from conecption to death |
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| joint actions of individual biology and environment-each shapes and influences the other |
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| times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences |
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| nerve cells that store and transfer information |
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| the tiny spaces between neurons-chemical messages are sent across these gaps |
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| the process by which neural fibers are coated with fatty sheath called myelin that makes message transfer more efficient |
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| the specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain cortex |
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| the brain's tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible |
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| mental systems or categories of perception and experience |
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| fitting new information into existing schemes |
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| altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information |
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| search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment |
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| out of balance state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation |
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| involving the senses and motor activity |
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| the understanding that objects have a seperation, permanant existence |
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| actions a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing the actions |
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| the stage before a child masters logical mental operations |
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| the ability to use symbols-language, pictures, signs, or gestures- to represent actions or objects mentally |
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| principle that some characteristics of an object remeain the same despite changes in appearance |
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| arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect |
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| mental task involving abstract thinking and coordination of a number of variables |
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| hypothetico-deductive reasoning |
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| a formal-operations problem-solving strategy in which an individual begins by identifying all the factors that might affect a problem and then deduces and evaluates specific solutions |
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| assumption that everyone else shares one's thoughts, feelings, and concerns |
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| emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialouges b/w children and more knowledgeable memebers of society. Children learn the culture of their community through these interactions |
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| a social process in which people interact and negotiate to create an understanding or to solve a problem. The final product is shaped by all participants |
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| form of speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate |
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| children's self-talk, which guides their thinking and actions. these verbalizations are internalized as silent inner speech. |
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| zone of proximal development |
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| phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support |
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