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Educational Psychology
Exam 1 (first half)
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/26/2006

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Term
Educational Psychology
Definition
The branch of psychology that specializes in understanding teaching and learning in educational settings
Term
William James
Definition
emphasized the importance of observing teaching and learning in the classroom for improving education
Term
Benjamin Bloom (Bloom's taxonomy)
Definition
created taxonomy of cognitive skills that included remembering, comprehending, synthesizing, and evaluating, which he believed teachers should help students use and develop
Term
Education as a science
Definition
teachers aim to provide you with research knowldege that you can effectively apply to teaching situations
Term
Education as an art
Definition
be FLEXIBLE (can't always do what the books say is right)
Term
Scientific method
Definition
a method for discoering accurate information that includes these steps: conceptualize the problem, collect data, draw conclusions, and revise research conclusions and theory
Term
Experimental research
Definition
research that allows the determination of the causes of behavior, involves conducting an esperiment, which is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied is manipulated and all others are held constant
Term
Independent variable
Definition
the manipulated, influential, experimental factor in an experiment
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
the factor that is measured in an experiment
Term
Random Assignment
Definition
In experimental research, the assignment of participants to experimental and control groups by chance
Term
Stratified Random Assignment
Definition
the population is divided into a number of subgroups (or strata). Random samples are then taken from each subgroup with sample sizes proportionatal to the size of the subgroup in the population. For instance, if a population contained equal numbers of men and women, and the variable of interest is suspected to vary by gender, one might conduct stratified random sampling to insure a representative sample.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
assumptions that can be tested to deremine their accuracty; theories produce hypotheses
Term
Control Groups
Definition
in an experiment, a group whose experience is treated in every way like the experimental groups exept for the manipulated factor
Term
Experimental Groups
Definition
the group whose experience is manipulated in an experiment
Term
Control Variables
Definition
A variable introduced into a statistical analysis to see if a statistical relationship holds among people who are alike on a particular characteristic.
Term
Longitudinal research
Definition
research in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years of more
Term
cross-sectional research
Definition
research in which the data are collected all at one time
Term
scientific research
Definition
objective, systematic, and testable reserach that aims at reducing conclusions based on personal beliefs, opinions, and feelings
Term
correlation research
Definition
research that describes the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics
Term
Experimental Research
Definition
research that allows the determination of the causes of behavior, involves conducting an experiment, which is a carefully regualted procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied is manipulated an all others are held constant
Term
Program Evaluation Research
Definition
research that is designed to make decisions about the effectiveness of a particular program
Term
Action research
Definition
research that is used to solve a specific classroom or school problem, improve teaching and other educationsal strategies, or make a decision at a specific level
Term
Teacher-as-Researcher
Definition
this concept involves classroom teachers, conducting their own studies to improve their teaching practice
Term
Participant Observation
Definition
observation conducted at the same time the teacher-researcher is actively involved as a participant in the activity or setting
Term
Naturalisic Observation
Definition
observation outside of a laboratory in the real world
Term
Case Study
Definition
an in-depth look at an individual
Term
Ethnographic study
Definition
in-depth description and interpretation of behavior in an ethnic or a cultural group that includes direct involvement with the participants
Term
Ethnic Gloss
Definition
the use of an ethnic label in a superficial way that stereotypes the ethnic group
Term
Cognitive processes
Definition
involve changes in the child's thinking, intelligence, and language. This enables a growing child to memorize a peom, imagine how to solve a math problem, come up with a creative strategy or speak meaningfully connected sentences
Term
Biological Processes
Definition
involve changes in the childs body, development of the brain, gains in height and wight, changes in motor skills, puperty's normal changes
Term
sociomotional process
Definition
involve changes in teh child's relationships with other people, changes in emotion, and changes in personality
Term
Piagets four stages of development
Definition
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
Term
1. sensorimotor stage
Definition
The first Piagetian stage, lasting from birth to about two years of age, in which infants contruct an understanding of the world by coordination sensory experiences with motor actions
Term
2. Preoperational stage
Definition
the second stage of piaget, lasting fomr about two to seven years of age, symbolic throught increases but operational thorught is not yet present
Term
3. concrete operational stage
Definition
Piagets third cognitive developmental stage, accurring between about seven to eleven years of age. at this tage the child thinks operationally and logical reasoning replaces intuitive thourght but only in concrete situations, classification skills are present but abstract problems present difficulties
Term
4, formal operational stage
Definition
Piaget's fourth cognitive developmental stage, which emerges between about eleven and fifteen years of age, thourgh tis more absract, idealistic, and logical in this stage
Term
schema
Definition
a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind to organize and interpret information
Term
Accomidiation
Definition
a mental process that occurs when a child adjusts to new information
Term
assimilation
Definition
a mental process that occurs when a child incorporates new knowlege into existing knowledge
Term
conservation
Definition
the idea that some characteristic of an object stays the same even thought the object might change in apperance, a cognitive ability that develops in that concrete operational stage, according to Piaget
Term
centration
Definition
focusing, or centering, attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of alll other, characteritic of peroperational thinking

ex. diff water glass
Term
object permanence
Definition
is the term used to describe the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.
Term
Egocentrism
Definition
the inability to distinguish between ones own perspective and someone else's prespective

ex. a child standing infront of the television when someone behind them was watching
Term
Vygotsky theory
Definition
1. the child's cognitive skills can be understood only when they are developmentally analyzed and interpreted
2. cognitive skills are mediated by words, language, and forms of discourse, which serve as psychological tools for faciliating and transorming mental activity
3. cognitive skills have their origins in social relations and are embedded in a sociocultural backdrop
Term
Zone of proximal development
Definition
vygotsky's term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
teacher adjusts the level of support as performance rises
Term
Adolescent egocentrism
Definition
which includes a belief by teenagers that they are special and unique
Term
Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
Definition
focuses on the social contexts in which children live and the pople who influence thier development

(microsysetm, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem)
Term
Exosystem
Definition
when experiences in another setting (in which the student does not have an active role) influence what students and teachers experience in the immediate context
Term
Macrosystem
Definition
the broader culture, the roles of tehnicity and socioeconmic factors in children's development
Term
microsystem
Definition
setting in which the individual spends considerable time...student's family, peers, school, neighborhood
Term
mesosystem
Definition
The link between micorsystems
Term
5. Identity vs. role confusion
Definition
exploration of deff. paths ot attain a healthy identity

adolesence
Term
1. trust vs. mistrust
Definition
developed through consistent love and support

0-2yrs
Term
2. autonomy vs shame and doubt
Definition
independence fostered by support and encouragement

2-4yrs
Term
3. initiatve vs guilt
Definition
developed by exploring and accepting challenges

4-6yrs
Term
4. industry vs inferiority
Definition
mastry comes from success and recognition

6-8yrs
Term
6. intamacy vs isolation
Definition
form positive, close relationships with others

early adult years
Term
7, generativity vs stagnation
Definition
transmitting something positive to next generation

middle adulthood
Term
8. integrity vs despair
Definition
life review and retrospective evaluation of ones past
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